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1. International trade is the exchange ofgoodsand servicesproduced in onecountryforgoods and servicesproduced in another country.There are several reasons whyinternational trade exists.
1、国际贸易是一个国家所生产的商品和服务和另一个国家所生产的商品和服务之间的交换(producedin one country和produced in another是过去分词作定语，修饰它们前面的goods and services)。这样做的原因是多方面的（可译为：国际贸易存在的原因是多方面的）。
2. The distribution of natural resourcesaroundthe worldissomewhat haphazard: some nationspossessnatural deposits in excess oftheir ownrequirementswhileother nationshave none.For example, Britain haslargereservesof coalbutlacksmany minerals such as nickel, copper, aluminum, etc.,whereasthe Arab stateshave vast oil depositsbutlittle else. In the cultivationof natural productsclimateplays adecisiverole. Some products willonlygrow in tropical climateswhereasothers, such as citrus fruits，requireaMediterranean climate. Moreover,some nationsare unable to producesufficient quantitiesof aparticular productto satisfy a largehome demand. For example, Britain does not produce enough wheattomeet the needs ofits population.These are the reasonswhyinternational tradefirstbegan.
2、世界自然资源的分布是带有随意性的（haphazard adj.）。有些国家所拥有的天然资源超过(in excess of)了本身的需要，而(while)别的国家则没有。例如，英国煤的储藏量很丰富，但是(but)很多矿藏，如镍、铜和铝等都很缺乏(lacks)；而(whereas)阿拉伯国家拥有巨大的石油矿藏，但是其他资源则很少。在天然作物的培育(cultivation)过程中，气候起到决定性的作用(climate plays a decisive role)。有一些作物只适宜在热带气候的条件下生长，而(whereas)像柑桔类的水果等其他作物则需要地中海型的气候(mediterranean climate)。此外(moreover)，有些国家的某个产品的生产不能满足国内的巨大需求（直译为：有些国家无法生产足够数量的某种产品，以满足国内的需要；tosatisfy...不定式作目的状语），例如英国的小麦就是这样(直译为：例如，英国不能生产足够的小麦以满足人口的需要；tomeet... 不定式作目的状语)。这些就是国际贸易开始出现的原因。
3. With the development of manufacturing andtechnology, therearoseanotherincentive for nationsto exchangetheir products.It was foundthatit made economic sensefor a nationto specialize incertain activities and produce those goods for whichit had the most advantages，and to exchange those goods for the products of other nationswhich had advantages indifferent fields. This tradeisbased onthe principle of comparative advantage.
3、随着制造业和技术的发展，出现了新的因素促使国家之间进行产品交换。(arise-arose-arisenvi. 出现；toexchange their products不定式作定语，修饰another incentive；可译为：国家之间出现了进行产品交换的新因素)人们发现(It was found that)，如果一个国家专门从事一定的生产活动(specialize in 专门研究)，生产它拥有最大优势（for which it had the mostadvantages是定语从句，修饰those goods；which指代those goods，做介词for的宾语；advantage for sth.占优势的事物）的产品，并用这些商品与在不同领域拥有优势的（which had advantages in different fields是定语从句，修饰theproducts of other nations；which指代the products，在定语从句中做主语）其他国家所生产的产品进行交换（exchangeA for B 用A换B），那在经济上是合算的(it made economic sensefor a nation 可译为：对国家而言具有经济意义)。这种贸易是在比较优势原则（the principle of comparativeadvantage）的基础上进行的(bebased on 以...为基础)。
4. The theory of comparative advantage, also calledthe comparative cost theory,wasdeveloped byDavid Ricardo and other economistsin the nineteenth century. It points outthattrade between countries canbe profitablefor all.Even ifone of the countries canproduce every commoditymore cheaply，as long asthere areminorrelative differencesin theefficiencyof producing acommodityeventhe poor country can have a comparative advantagein producing it. The paradoxis best illustrated bythis traditional example: the best lawyer in town is also the best typist intown.Sincethis lawyer cannot afford to give upprecioustime fromlegalaffairs，a typistis hiredwhomay beless efficient thanthe lawyerin both legal and typing matters. But the typist’scomparative disadvantage isleastintyping.Therefore, the typist has arelativecomparative advantage intyping.
4、比较优势学说又称比较成本学说，是由大卫李嘉图和其他19世纪(in the nineteenth century)的经济学家所建立的（本句使用了被动语态）。该理论指出（pointsout），即使(even if)有某个国家能以较低的成本生产每一种商品(commodity)，国家之间的贸易对所有国家仍会有好处。只要(as long as)在生产一种商品的效率上存在着小的相对的差别(there are minor relativedifferences)，即使是穷国在生产上也会有比较优势。这种似非而是的理论能够用下面的传统例子最恰当地予以说明(本句使用了被动语态；paradox n. 似是而非的论点；illustratevt.举例说明)。某城最好的律师同时也是最好的打字员。因为（since）这个律师不能放弃他处理法律事务的宝贵时间(afford to做；give up 放弃；precious宝贵的；legal affairs 法律事务)，就雇用了一名打字员（本句使用了被动语态；hire vt. 雇用）。这个打字员可能在法律和打字方面都不如这位律师（who... 引导定语从句，修饰atypist；本句的定语从句翻译时，将一个句子拆成两个句子，被修饰的部分作为第二个句子的主语），但是这个打字员的比较劣势在打字方面是最小的（little-less-least小的-比较小的-最小的）。因此，这名打字员在打字方面就有相对的比较优势。
5. This principle is thebasisofspecializationinto trades and occupations.At the sametime, complete specialization may neveroccureven whenit is economically advantageous.Forstrategicor domesticreasons, a country may continue to producegoodsto which it does not have anadvantage. The benefits of specialization may alsobe affected bytransport costs: goods and raw materialshave tobe transposedaround theworldand the cost of the transportnarrowsthe limitsbetween whichit will prove profitable to trade. Anotherimpedimentto the free flow ofgoods between nationsis the possibleintroductionof artificial barriers to trade,such astariffs orquotas.
5、这个原则是实行贸易和职业专业分工的基础（specialization n. 专门化；特殊化）。但是(At the same time同时；然而)，完全的专业分工可能永远也不会实现，即使从经济的角度来看时是有利的（advantageousadj.）。由于战略和国内的原因(For strategic or domestic reasons;strategic adj. 战备的; domestic adj.国内的)，一个国家可能仍然要生产它并不具有优势的产品（to which it does not have anadvantage是定语从句，修饰goods；本人认为towhich = where，指在这个国家，仅供参考）。专业分工的好处也可能会受到运输费用的影响（be affected by受到...的影响），因为要在世界范围内(aroundthe world)进行货物和原料（rawmaterials）的运输，运输的费用使得贸易获利的范围缩小(narrow vt. 使变狭窄)，它将证明在运输中哪一种贸易是有利可图的。国家之间货物自由流通的另一个障碍（anotherimpediment）是可能采用人为的贸易壁垒(introductionof 引进；引入；barrier to trade 贸易壁垒；artificial adj. 人造的)，例如关税(tariffs)和配额(quotas)。
6. In addition tovisible trade，whichinvolves the import and export of goods and merchandise, there is alsoinvisible trade,whichinvolves the exchange of services between nations.
6、除了有形贸易(即指商品和货物的进出口)以外，还有无形贸易。(inaddition to除...之外；)这是指国家之间服务的交换。（两个which引导的从句是非限制性定语从句，第一个which指代visibletrade，第一个which指代invisible trade）
7. NationssuchasGreece and Norway havelargemaritime fleetsand provide transportation service. This isa kind ofinvisible trade.Whenan exporterarrangesshipment, herentsspace in the cargo compartment of a ship.
7、希腊、挪威等国拥有庞大的海运船队（maritime fleets）。提供运输服务，这是无形贸易的一种。当一个出口商安排货运时，他就可以租用船只货舱的舱位(cargo compartment 货舱)。
8. The prudentexporter purchases insurance for his cargo’svoyage.Whileat sea, a cargoisvulnerabletomany dangers. Thus, insurance is another servicein which some nations specialize. Great Britain,because ofthe development ofLloyd’ of London, is aleadingexporterof this service,earningfees forinsuring other nations, foreign trade.
8、谨慎的(prudent)出口商为他的货物运输购买保险(purchasesinsurance)。在海上，货物会遇到各种危险(vulnerable to 易受...的侵害; vulnerableadj.易受攻击的；易受伤害的)。所以一些国家专门从事保险服务。由于伦敦劳埃德保险公司的发展，英国(Great Britain)是这种服务的主要出口国，它为其他国家的对外贸易(foreign trade)承担保险而赚取费用。(fee n. 费用)
9. Some nationspossesslittlein the way ofexportablecommodities ormanufacturedgoods, but they havea mild and sunny climate.Duringthe winter,the Bahamas attract large numbers of touristswhospend money for hotelaccommodation, meals, taxis, and so on. Tourism, therefore, is another form ofinvisible trade.
9、有些国家没有可供出口的初级产品或者制成品，但是这些国家风和日丽、气候宜人。在冬季，巴哈马群岛（the Bahamas）吸引着大量的旅游者，他们住旅馆(accommodation n. 住处)、就餐、坐出租汽车等方面（andso on）都要花钱。因此，旅游业是无形贸易的另一种形式。
10.Invisible tradecan beasimportantto some nationsastheexport of raw materials or commodities istoothers. In both cases, the nationsearnmoneyto buy necessities.
10、无形贸易对一些国家来说，就像原料和商品的出口对其他国家来说，一样重要。在这两种情况下，这些国家都能赚到钱去购买他们所需要的商品。
