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Hello! This week on Ask a Teacher, we answer a question from Noura about how to describe food that is no longer safe to eat.
你好！本周的《名师答疑》，我们回答努拉提出的一个问题，即如何描述不能安全食用的食物。
Dear Teacher, would you please tell us the words we use to describe spoiled food?
亲爱的老师，您能告诉我们可以用哪些词语来描述变质食物吗？
Now I use only one or two words for all of food types, such as "rotten" or "spoiled."
现在我只有一两个词来描述所有类型的食物，比如“腐烂的”或“变质的”。
However, in my native language we use different words for different categories like spoiled vegetables, bread, beverages, [and] meat-dishes.
然而，在我的母语中，我们用不同的词描述不同类型的食物，比如变质的蔬菜、面包、饮料和荤菜。
I wonder if it is the same in English too.
我想知道在英语中是否也有不同的词。
Thank you for writing to us, Noura.
感谢你写信给我们，努拉。
I’m happy to answer this question.
我很高兴回答这个问题。
Let’s begin with the two words you mention, “rotten,” and “spoiled”.
我们首先从你提到的两个词开始讲：“腐烂的”和“变质的”。
We can use both words to talk about food in general.
我们可以用这两个词来谈论一般的食物。
So, we can say either of the following:
所以，以下两种说法都可以：
That food is rotten.
那个食物腐烂了。
That food is spoiled.
那个食物变质了。
But for some foods, we use “rotten” much more than we use “spoiled.”
但是对于某些食物，用rotten的频率远远高于spoiled。
For example, we can say rotten eggs, rotten tomatoes, rotten apples, rotten vegetables, rotten fruit, and so on.
例如，我们可以说臭鸡蛋、烂番茄、烂苹果、烂蔬菜、烂水果等等。
The most common usage of “rotten” is with eggs.
rotten（腐烂的）最常见的用法是与鸡蛋搭配。
We use “spoiled” mostly when talking about meat or milk.
我们使用spoiled（变质的）这个词，主要是谈论肉类或牛奶。
Another general term for spoiled food or drink is the expression “gone bad”.
要描述变质食物或变质饮料的另一个宽泛表达是“坏了”。
Now let’s look at some other terms we use with certain foods and drinks.
现在让我们来看看描述某些特定食物和饮料时使用的其他一些词语。
“Rancid” describes foods that contain fats that have started to go bad.
“哈喇的”描述的是含有油脂的食物开始变质。
These typically include nuts, seeds, and oils.
通常包括坚果、种子和各种油。
Fish, meat, and poultry can also become rancid.
鱼、红肉和禽类肉也会变哈喇。
We use the word “stale” to describe bread that has become hard and difficult to eat.
我们使用“不新鲜的”这个词来描述已经变硬且难以食用的面包。
And “wilted” describes lettuce or other greens that are no longer fresh.
“发蔫的”描述的是生菜或其他绿叶蔬菜不再新鲜。
Mold is a kind of very small fungus.
霉菌是一种非常小的真菌。
It makes food go bad and can be found on fruit, bread and cheese.
它会使食物变质，并且可以在水果、面包和奶酪上发现霉菌。
The adjective we use for mold is “moldy.”
用来形容霉菌的形容词是“发霉的”。
We use the adjective “sour” or the expression “to go sour” to describe milk or cream that has started to spoil.
我们用形容词“酸的”或短语“变酸”来描述已经开始变质的牛奶或奶油。
Note that there is also a food called sour cream, which is safe to eat -- and quite tasty!
请注意，还有一种叫做酸奶油的食物，它是可以安全食用的，而且非常美味！
As you can see, a meal with rancid, stale, sour, wilted, moldy, rotten and spoiled food is one to avoid!
如你所见，用哈喇的、不新鲜的、酸的、发蔫的、发霉的、腐烂的和变质的食物做的饭菜是要避免食用的！
And that’s Ask a Teacher.
以上就是本期的《名师答疑》。
I’m Andrew Smith.
我是安德鲁·史密斯。
