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The Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period
春秋战国时期
The Contention of a Hundred Schools of Thought
百家争鸣
As an era of great cultural and intellectual expansion in China, the Hundred Schools of Thought (诸子百家）lasted from 770 BC to 222 BC.
作为中国历史上一个文化与智慧迅速扩展的时代，诸子百家始于公元前770年，终于公元前222年。
Known as the Golden Age of Chinese thought and the Contention of a Hundred Schools of Thought (百家争鸣），the period saw the rise of many different schools of thought.
这个时代被誉为中国思想的黄金时期和百家争鸣的时期，它见证了不同思想学派的兴起。
Many of the great Chinese classic texts that originated during this period have had profound influences on Chinese lifestyle and social consciousness lasting to the present day.
不少起源于这个时代的中国古典著作直到今日对中国人的生活方式和社会意识还有着深远的影响。
The intellectual society of this era was characterized by itinerant intellectuals, who were usually employed by various state rulers as advisers on the methods of government, war, and diplomacy.
这个时代的知识型社会以流动的智者为特征，这些智者被不同国家的君主任用为顾问，针对治国之道、治军之道和外交手段提出建议。
Confucianism (儒家思想）is the body of thought that has arguably had the most enduring effect on Chinese life.
儒家思想可能是对于国人生活最具有长远影响的本体思想。
Also known as the School of the Scholars, its written legacy lies in the Confucian Classics, which later became the foundation of the traditional society.
它还被称为学者学派，其文学遗产存在于儒家典籍中，这些典籍为传统社会奠定了基础。
The representative of this thought is Confucius (孔子），he believed that the only effective system of government necessitated prescribed relationships for each individual: “Let the ruler be a ruler and the subject a subject.”
这种思想的代表人物是孔子，他坚信政府唯一行之有效的体制必然是个体之间明确规定的关系：“君君，臣臣”。
Furthermore, he contended that a king must be virtuous in order to rule property.
除此之外，他主张君主以仁治国。
Mencius (孟子) was a Confucian disciple who made major contributions to the spread of humanism in Confucian thought, declaring that man, by nature, was inherently good.
孟子是孔子的弟子，他为儒家思想中人道的传播做出了主要贡献，宣扬“人性本善”。
He argued that a ruler could not govern without the people;s tacit consent, and that the penalty for unpopular, despotic rule was the loss of the “mandate of heaven”.
他认为一位君主不可能脱离人民的默许而治理国家，而不得人心的惩罚与暴虐的管理是“天命”的缺失。
Another Confucian follower was Xun Zi (荀子）who preached that man is innately selfish and evil,
孔子的另一位继承者是荀子，宣扬“人性本恶”，
he asserted that goodness is attainable only through education and conduct befitting one;s status.
他坚称教育是唯一能够获得仁善的渠道，而后天的环境会影响人的仁善。
He also argued that the best form of government is one based on authoritarian control, and that ethics is irrelevant in the context of effective rule.
他还认为国家治理最好的形式应建立在专治管理之上，仁义道德与有效统治的环境没有关系。
Legalism (法家思想）greatly influenced the philosophical basis for the imperial form of government.
法家思想深刻地影响了国家管理形式的哲学基础。
During the Han Dynasty, the most practical elements of Confucianism and Legalism were taken to form a sort of synthesis, marking the creation of a new form of government that would remain largely intact until the late 19th century.
在汉代，儒家思想和法家思想中最实用的元素被结合起来，创造了一种政府管理的新模式，这种模式一直被完整保留到19世纪末期。
As the second most significant stream of Chinese thought, the Zhou period also saw the development of Taoism (道家思想）.
中国同样见证了国学思想中第二主要的流派——道家思想的发展。
Its formulation is often attributed to the legendary sage Lao Zi (老子）and Zhuang Zi (庄子）.
它由传说中的圣人老子和庄子所构建。
The focus of Taoism is on the individual within the natural realm rather than the individual within society;
道家思想的核心在于自然境界中的个人而不是社会中的个人。
according to Taoism, the goal of life for each individual is to seek to adjust oneself and adapt to the rhythm of the natural world, to follow the Way of the universe, to live in harmony.
根据道家思想，每个人的生活目标应该是调整自我来适应自然世界的节奏，顺应宇宙的模式，和谐生活。
The school of Mohism (墨家思想）was founded upon the doctrine of Mozi (墨子）.
墨家学派是基于墨子思想而创立的。
Though the school did not survive through the Qin Dynasty， Mohism was seen as a major rival of Confucianism in the period of the Hundred Schools of Thought.
尽管这个学派在秦朝没有得以发展，墨家思想仍被认为是百家争鸣学派中儒家思想的主要竞争对手。
Its philosophy rested on the idea of universal love: Mozi believed that “all men are equal before heaven”, and that mankind should seek to imitate heaven by engaging in the practice of collective love.
它的理论在于“兼爱”的思想。墨子相信“人人平等”，认为人们应该通过兼爱来模仿天志。
His epistemology can be regarded as primitive materialist empiricism; he believed that our cognition ought to be based on our perceptions—our sensory experiences, such as sight and hearing—instead of imagination or internal logic, elements founded on our capacity for abstraction.
他的理论可以被看作是最原始的唯物主义。他相信我们的认知应该建立在我们的感觉，也就是我们的感官体验例如视觉和听觉上，而不应该建立在想象、内在联系或是以抽象概念为基础的元素上。
In a word, the scene of “contention of a hundred schools of thought” brought forth in the Spring and Autumn Period 2 500 years ago and the Warring States Period over 2 200 years ago and the emergence of various schools of thought and their exponents such as Lao Zi and Confucius about 2400 years ago all occupy a very important position in the world history of philosophy.
总而言之，“百家争鸣”的景象出现在2500年前的春秋时期和2200年前的战国时期。2400年前，诸子百家的出现以及他们的倡导者老子和孔子都在世界哲学史的发展过程中占据了重要地位。
