3.满灌疗法
Phobias, extreme and irrational fears, can cause much anxiety and pain. But never fear; anxiety caused by spiders, dogs, and even elevators can all be alleviated through flooding, an intense form of exposure therapy that requires patients to face their fears.
恐惧、惊骇会引发焦虑和痛苦。但不用担心，满灌疗法（患者直面他们所恐惧的情景），能帮患者摆脱害怕蜘蛛、狗，甚至害怕电梯的心理焦虑。
Irrational fears are cured by exposing the patient to the fear-inducing object over a long period of time. For example, a person looking to get rid of his fear of dogs may start by just looking at photos of dogs under the supervision of a trained professional. Therapy continues with an "exposure" to dogs in person and eventually working up the courage to pet actual puppies. The slow pace of learning to manage fear has proven to have high success rates in gently treating anxiety, phobias, and post-traumatic stress disorder.
让患者长时间接触他所恐惧的事物，能治愈他对此事物产生的莫名恐惧。譬如，要让患者摆脱"恐狗症"，专业人士一开始会引导他们尝试着去看狗的照片。接下来治疗师会让患者和狗"直接接触"，最终激发他抚摸宠物狗的勇气。试着战胜恐惧的缓慢过程，对焦虑、恐惧和创伤后应激障碍等症状疗效显著。
Flooding therapy works just like exposure therapy, except there is nothing slow about it. Patients will be asked to face full-on fear in the first visit. There is no gradual introduction to the feared object, and flooding can be quite intense. Dog-phobic individuals will be asked to play with puppies right away and elevator-hating people will spend their first flooding session riding the lift without breaks. Flooding therapy evokes a strong anxiety response that in theory, will exhaust the patient into letting go of the irrational fear.
满灌疗法和暴露疗法一样直截了当：患者第一次求医，医生就会让他们直面所有令其恐惧的场景。满灌疗法带来的刺激十分强烈，因为这种疗法不是循序渐进的，不会让患者慢慢接触他所恐惧的事物——理疗师会安排害怕狗的患者直接和小狗玩耍，让害怕乘坐电梯的患者直接去乘坐电梯。满灌疗法的原理，是激发患者内心强烈的焦虑感，进而消除恐惧感。
However, critics say that intense exposures may not be therapeutic but instead traumatic to people already struggling with extreme fear. In some cases, flooding actually makes the phobia worse. There is no way to know if a patient will respond well to flooding therapy, so the general consensus is that slow and steady wins the race.
然而，有批评者指出，这样的暴露疗法不但不会起到治疗效果，反而会适得其反，让已经备受恐惧折磨的患者更加痛苦。的确，有患者接受满灌疗法后，恐惧感有增无减。患者是否会对满灌疗法产生不良反应，无法预测；所以，使用满灌疗法时不急于求成，效果可能更好。
2.玩偶疗法
Dragons, pigs, and puppies can help you learn to deal with an overbearing boss, an annoying neighbor, or a troublesome child. Puppets play an important role in therapy by helping patients express emotions and practice difficult conversations in the safe company of a stuffed animal. As they practice being assertive with a toothy tiger puppet, patients might feel freer to stand up for themselves outside of therapy. Puppets make it easier for patients, especially children, to practice expressing difficult emotions, discuss abuse, or practice social skills in a playful way.
龙、猪、小狗等一些玩偶可以帮助你学会怎样应对一个难以忍受的老板、一个令人厌烦的邻居，或是一个难以管教的孩子。玩偶在治疗中很重要，不仅能够帮助病人表达感情，而且在填充玩具的陪伴下，病人可以安全地练习有难度的对话。如果病人能在张牙舞爪的老虎玩偶面前保持勇敢自信，那么他们可能会在治疗之外更自然地相信自己。玩偶使得病人，尤其是孩子们，在练习表达复杂的感情、讨论被虐待的情况或者实践社交技能时更加容易，方式更加有趣。
Puppets create a safe distance between the therapist and patient, so it feels more comfortable speaking through the puppet. Trained therapists can creatively mirror the child’s problems, which makes introducing difficult topics easier. For example, a girl struggling with moving to a new town is told that the puppet has just moved, too.
玩偶在治疗师和病人之间创造了一段安全的距离，所以通过玩偶来说话会让人感到更舒服。训练有素的治疗师能够创造性地反映出孩子的问题，这也使得进入有难度的话题变得容易。比如，一个纠结于搬到新城市的女孩得知玩偶也已经搬过去了。
The therapist interviews the puppet, rather than the patient, which gives the patient license to say whatever they feel. Puppets, and other forms of play therapy, have proven to be excellent ways to teach autistic children social skills or to practice imaginative thought.
治疗师会询问玩偶而不是病人，这给了病人说出所有他们的感受的许可。玩偶，以及其他治疗形式，已经被证明是自闭症儿童学习社交技巧或是锻炼想象力的绝佳方法。
1.园艺疗法
Imagine the patience and knowledge it takes to grow a tiny seed into a strong tree. In horticulture therapy, therapists combine their love for nature with their expertise in mental health to teach those skills. Much like equine therapy uses the horse to teach skills, horticulture therapists use plants to convey different lessons and skills. Working in prisons, hospitals, and nursing homes, therapists initiate conversation while gardening or crafting pinecone bird feeders.
试想让一颗种子长大成一棵大树需要花费的耐心和知识。在园艺疗法中，治疗师们结合他们对自然的爱和精神健康方面的专业知识去教授这些技能。很像马匹疗法中用马匹教会患者一些生活技能，园艺疗法用植物去传授不同经验和技能。在监狱、医院和疗养院的治疗师们，会借用进行园艺工作或者制造松果喂鸟机的机会展开对话。
As groups work together to plant flowers or grow gardens, therapists lead conversations on confidence and teamwork. Horticulture therapy is especially useful for people with disabilities. Activities can be designed for people in wheelchairs or with other special needs. Anyone can delight in the happiness of watching a flower grow. It can be a great source of pride to watch a planted seed grow and be instrumental in its care. By connecting with nature, patients find calmness to bring into their own lives.
当每个组一起种花或打理果园时，治疗师们会引导患者谈论信心和合作的话题。园艺疗法对身患残疾的人特别有帮助。可以为坐在轮椅上的或有其他特殊需求的人设计活动。任何人在看到花儿成长时都会感到幸福和喜悦。看到种下的种子不断成长，并且自己的呵护有了作用，这会带来一种极大的自豪感。通过与自然相联系，病人们将平静带进了自己的生活中。
审校：Amy.L 编辑：Freya然 校对：落花生
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