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4. Striving for Carbon Dioxide Peaking and Carbon Neutrality
（四）大力推进碳达峰碳中和
To achieve the goals of peaking carbon emissions and subsequent carbon neutrality is one of China's major strategies, defined after careful consideration. This is a must-do in order to relieve the serious constraints imposed by resources and the environment on China's economic growth, and to achieve sustainable development. It is also a solemn commitment towards building a global community of shared future. China has incorporated this decision into its overall economic and social development, adopting a holistic approach and balancing the relationships between economic growth and emissions reduction, between overall and regional interests, and between short, medium, and long-term growth. Led by the green economic and social transition, China is focusing on green and low-carbon development of the energy sector, and accelerating the formation of industrial structures, production modes, ways of work and life and spatial configurations that help to conserve resources and protect the environment. It is fully committed to high-quality development that prioritize eco-environmental protection and green and low-carbon way of life.
实现碳达峰、碳中和是中国深思熟虑作出的重大战略决策，是着力解决资源环境约束突出问题、实现中华民族永续发展的必然选择，是构建人类命运共同体的庄严承诺。中国将碳达峰、碳中和纳入经济社会发展全局，坚持系统观念，统筹发展和减排、整体和局部、短期和中长期的关系，以经济社会发展全面绿色转型为引领，以能源绿色低碳发展为关键，加快形成节约资源和保护环境的产业结构、生产方式、生活方式、空间格局，坚定不移走生态优先、绿色低碳的高质量发展道路。
5. Synergizing the Reduction of Pollution and Carbon Emissions
（五）减污降碳协同增效
Carbon dioxide and other ordinary pollutants often come from the same sources, mainly from the burning and utilization of fossil fuels. Controlling the use of fossil fuels and consequently reducing carbon emissions have a lasting impact on the economic structure, energy mix, forms of transport, modes of production, and ways of life. It will boost high-quality development by pressing for the green transition of the economy; it will be conducive to mitigating climate change and the damage it causes to life, property, society, and the economy; it will facilitate the source control of pollution, achieving synergy between pollution and carbon reduction and improvement of the eco-environment; it will help conserve biodiversity and improve ecosystems. China sees pollution prevention and control as an integral part of the response to climate change. Through structural adjustment, optimized configuration, policy synergy and innovative mechanisms, efforts to reduce pollution and carbon emissions are planned and carried out in tandem, and the performance assessment of the two is also conducted jointly. Balancing environmental, climate and economic gains, China has found a unique path to reducing greenhouse gas emissions that conforms to its actual conditions.
二氧化碳和常规污染物的排放具有同源性，大部分来自化石能源的燃烧和利用。控制化石能源利用和碳排放对经济结构、能源结构、交通运输结构和生产生活方式都将产生深远的影响，有利于倒逼和推动经济结构绿色转型，助推高质量发展；有利于减缓气候变化带来的不利影响，减少对人民生命财产和经济社会造成的损失；有利于推动污染源头治理，实现降碳与污染物减排、改善生态环境质量协同增效；有利于促进生物多样性保护，提升生态系统服务功能。中国把握污染防治和气候治理的整体性，以结构调整、布局优化为重点，以政策协同、机制创新为手段，推动减污降碳协同增效一体谋划、一体部署、一体推进、一体考核，协同推进环境效益、气候效益、经济效益多赢，走出一条符合国情的温室气体减排道路。
II. Implementing a National Strategy of Actively Responding to Climate Change
二、实施积极应对气候变化国家战略
As the largest developing country, with a population of over 1.4 billion, China faces major challenges across a range of important areas including economic development, improving the people's lives, pollution control, and eco-environmental protection. In order to meet its targets in response to climate change, China has risen to these challenges and formulated and implemented a variety of strategies, regulations, policies, standards, and actions.
中国是拥有14亿多人口的最大发展中国家，面临着发展经济、改善民生、污染治理、生态保护等一系列艰巨任务。尽管如此，为实现应对气候变化目标，中国迎难而上，积极制定和实施了一系列应对气候变化战略、法规、政策、标准与行动，推动中国应对气候变化实践不断取得新进步。
1. Intensifying Efforts in Response to Climate Change
（一）不断提高应对气候变化力度
It will not be easy for China to achieve its new NDC targets; it will take approximately 30 years of painstaking effort to transit from peak carbon emissions to achieving carbon neutrality and the largest reduction in carbon dioxide emissions per unit of GDP (“carbon intensity”) in the world. Walking the talk, China has already begun to implement positive and effective moves in its strategy to peak carbon emissions and achieve carbon neutrality.
中国确定的国家自主贡献新目标不是轻而易举就能实现的。中国要用30年左右的时间由碳达峰实现碳中和，完成全球最高碳排放强度降幅，需要付出艰苦努力。中国言行一致，采取积极有效措施，落实好碳达峰、碳中和战略部署。
Improving overall planning and coordination in response to climate change. The response to climate change covers a wide range of areas; therefore, to improve coordination and pool strengths, China has set up a national leading group headed by Premier of the State Council and with officials from 30 ministries and commissions as members. Its remit is responding to climate change, conserving energy, and reducing emissions, and all provinces, autonomous regions, and municipalities directly under the central government (PARMs) have set up corresponding groups. In April 2018, China adjusted the functions of relevant government departments, and put the newly established Ministry of Ecology and Environment in charge of responding to climate change, thus reinforcing the coordination between responding to climate change and protecting the eco-environment. In 2021, China set up a special leading group to guide and coordinate the work related to peaking carbon emissions and achieving carbon neutrality. All PARMs have established leading groups for peaking carbon emissions and achieving carbon neutrality, so as to strengthen the coordination of their efforts.
加强应对气候变化统筹协调。应对气候变化工作覆盖面广、涉及领域众多。为加强协调、形成合力，中国成立由国务院总理任组长，30个相关部委为成员的国家应对气候变化及节能减排工作领导小组，各省（区、市）均成立了省级应对气候变化及节能减排工作领导小组。2018年4月，中国调整相关部门职能，由新组建的生态环境部负责应对气候变化工作，强化了应对气候变化与生态环境保护的协同。2021年，为指导和统筹做好碳达峰碳中和工作，中国成立碳达峰碳中和工作领导小组。各省（区、市）陆续成立碳达峰碳中和工作领导小组，加强地方碳达峰碳中和工作统筹。
Incorporating the response to climate change into national economic and social development plans. Starting from the 12th Five-Year Plan period (2011-2015), China has incorporated reducing carbon intensity into the outline of the plans for national economic and social development as binding targets, and defined key tasks, priority areas, and major projects. China's Outline of the 14th Five-Year Plan (2021-2025) for National Economic and Social Development and the Long-Range Objectives Through the Year 2035 sets a binding target of slashing carbon intensity by 18 percent from 2020 to 2025. All PARMs have taken on the response to climate change as an important part of the 14th Five-Year Plan, and set themselves specific targets and tasks.
将应对气候变化纳入国民经济社会发展规划。自“十二五”开始，中国将单位国内生产总值（GDP）二氧化碳排放（碳排放强度）下降幅度作为约束性指标纳入国民经济和社会发展规划纲要，并明确应对气候变化的重点任务、重要领域和重大工程。中国“十四五”规划和2035年远景目标纲要将“2025年单位GDP二氧化碳排放较2020年降低18%”作为约束性指标。中国各省（区、市）均将应对气候变化作为“十四五”规划的重要内容，明确具体目标和工作任务。
Establishing a mechanism of breaking down and meeting the targets for responding to climate change. To meet its targets, China has set tiered provincial-level carbon emission caps for its PARMs based on factors such as their development stage, resource endowment, strategic positioning, and eco-environmental protection. It has assessed the performance of the relevant governments in meeting the targets and fulfilling the responsibilities for controlling greenhouse gas emissions, and uses the results as an important reference for the comprehensive performance assessment and appraisal of officials holding principal posts and leadership teams in the PARMs, as well as for the appointment, reward, sanction, and removal of officials. PARM governments have also assessed the performance of administrative divisions at lower levels in meeting their targets and fulfilling their responsibilities for controlling greenhouse gas emissions, thus ensuring that the effort is coordinated and effective.
建立应对气候变化目标分解落实机制。为确保规划目标落实，综合考虑各省（区、市）发展阶段、资源禀赋、战略定位、生态环保等因素，中国分类确定省级碳排放控制目标，并对省级政府开展控制温室气体排放目标责任进行考核，将其作为各省（区、市）主要负责人和领导班子综合考核评价、干部奖惩任免等重要依据。省级政府对下一级行政区域控制温室气体排放目标责任也开展相应考核，确保应对气候变化与温室气体减排工作落地见效。
Continuing to update NDC targets. In 2015, China set its nationally determined action objectives by 2030: to peak carbon dioxide emissions around 2030 at the latest and make every effort to peak early. By the end of 2019, China had delivered on its 2020 climate action target ahead of schedule. In 2020, China announced new NDC targets and measures. China aims to: Peak carbon dioxide emissions before 2030 and achieve carbon neutrality before 2060. Lower its carbon intensity by over 65 percent by 2030 from the 2005 level. Increase the share of non-fossil fuels in primary energy consumption to around 25 percent by 2030. Increase the forest stock volume by 6 billion cubic meters by 2030 from the 2005 level. Bring its total installed capacity of wind and solar power to over 1.2 billion kW by 2030. Compared with the objectives set in 2015, the new targets are more ambitious in timeframe. They involve a steeper cut in carbon intensity, an increase of another five percentage points in the share of non-fossil fuels in primary energy consumption, a new target for installed capacity of non-fossil fuels, an additional forest stock of 1.5 billion cubic meters, and a clear announcement to aim for carbon neutrality before 2060. China has announced in 2021 a decision to stop building new coal-fired power projects overseas, demonstrating its concrete actions in response to climate change.
不断强化自主贡献目标。2015年，中国确定了到2030年的自主行动目标：二氧化碳排放2030年左右达到峰值并争取尽早达峰。截至2019年底，中国已经提前超额完成2020年气候行动目标。2020年，中国宣布国家自主贡献新目标举措：中国二氧化碳排放力争于2030年前达到峰值，努力争取2060年前实现碳中和；到2030年，中国单位GDP二氧化碳排放将比2005年下降65%以上，非化石能源占一次能源消费比重将达到25%左右，森林蓄积量将比2005年增加60亿立方米，风电、太阳能发电总装机容量将达到12亿千瓦以上。相比2015年提出的自主贡献目标，时间更紧迫，碳排放强度削减幅度更大，非化石能源占一次能源消费比重再增加五个百分点，增加非化石能源装机容量目标，森林蓄积量再增加15亿立方米，明确争取2060年前实现碳中和。2021年，中国宣布不再新建境外煤电项目，展现中国应对气候变化的实际行动。
Accelerating work on 1+N policies for peaking carbon emissions and achieving carbon neutrality. The country has formulated and released a top-level design document for peaking carbon emissions and achieving carbon neutrality, and is working on an action plan for peaking carbon emissions before 2030, with implementation plans for fields and sectors such as energy, industry, urban and rural construction, transport, and agriculture and rural areas. Support plans are being created in areas such as science and technology, fiscal funding, finance, pricing, carbon sinks, energy transition and coordination of pollution reduction and carbon emission reduction, with clearer timetables, roadmaps, and working plans. The country is shaping policies and actions with clear objectives, reasonable assignment of labor, effective measures, and sound coordination, ensuring that all efforts deliver positive results.
加快构建碳达峰碳中和“1+N”政策体系。中国制定并发布碳达峰碳中和工作顶层设计文件，编制2030年前碳达峰行动方案，制定能源、工业、城乡建设、交通运输、农业农村等分领域分行业碳达峰实施方案，积极谋划科技、财政、金融、价格、碳汇、能源转型、减污降碳协同等保障方案，进一步明确碳达峰碳中和的时间表、路线图、施工图，加快形成目标明确、分工合理、措施有力、衔接有序的政策体系和工作格局，全面推动碳达峰碳中和各项工作取得积极成效。
