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难句解析：
①But the environment must also have a profound effect, since if competition is important to the parents, it is likely to become a major factor in the lives of their children.
▲本句的主干是... the environment must also have a profound effect。后面的since引导一个原因状语从句，而这个从句又是一个if引导的条件主从复合句。
△注意profound的词义为“意义深远的”。另外要看到最后一个逗号后面的it所指代的是competition。
②One place where children soak up A characteristics is school, which is, by its very nature, a highly competitive institution.
▲本句的主干是One place... is school，这个简单句的主语和谓语都有一个定语从句修饰，前面的是限定性的，而后面的是非限定性的，并且在其里面还有一个插入成分by its very nature。
△可以先抓主干，然后再分析那两个定语从句，另外注意soak up的意思是“吸收，摄取”，其实即使我们不是很清楚这个词组的意思，只要我们抓住soak的基本意思“浸泡，浸湿，浸透”，词组的意思也能猜出来。
③The current passion for making children compete against their classmates or against the clock produces a two-layer system, in which competitive A-types seem in some way better than their B-type fellows.
▲本句的主干是The current passion... produces a two-layer system，passion后面的介词for的宾语比较复杂，是一个make sb. do sth.的结构，而主句的宾语a two-layer system后面有一个非限定性的定语从句。
△可以先抓主干，然后再分析其它成分，另外在理解的时候也要有一定的想象力，比如compete against the clock不能从字面上理解为“和钟表竞争”，而应该理解成“与时间竞争/和时间赛跑”。
④The merits of competition by examination are somewhat questionable, but competition in the certain knowledge of failure is positively harmful.
▲本句由两个子句构成，中间有一个but表示意思的转折。
△要正确理解本句，重点在于抓住单词的正确意思。questionable可疑的，值得疑问的；而后面的knowledge如果理解成“知识”那么这句话就怎么也看不懂了，在这里它的意思应该是“知道，知晓”，因此in the knowledge of应被理解为“在了解……的情况下”。
⑤Perhaps selection for the caring professions, especially medicine, could be made less by grades in chemistry and more by such considerations as sensitivity and sympathy.
▲本句的主干是... selection... could be made less by... and more by...。两个逗号隔开的是对于caring professions的进一步具体说明。
△注意在阅读的时候抓住less... and more...的结构，同时注意more后面的可能要更加重要一些。
adj. 内在的，固有的
