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One of the key moments in the development of migration theory came in 1822 when a white stork was shot in Germany.
迁徙理论发展的关键时刻之一是在1822年，当时一只白鹳在德国被射杀。
This particular stork made history because of the long spear in its neck which incredibly had not killed it–everyone immediately realised this spear was definitely not European.
这只独特的鹳之所以创造了历史，是因为插在它脖子上却没有杀死它的那支长矛。每个人都立即意识到这支长矛绝对不是来自欧洲。
It turned out to be a spear from a tribe in Central Africa.
事实证明那是一支来自中非一个部落的长矛。
This was a truly defining moment in the history of ornithology because it was the first evidence that storks spend their winters in sub-Saharan Africa.
这是鸟类学史上一个真正具有决定性意义的时刻，因为这是鹳类在撒哈拉以南非洲过冬的第一个证据。
You can still see the 'arrow stork' in the Zoological Collection of the University of Rostock in Germany.
你仍然可以在德国罗斯托克大学的动物馆藏中看到‘箭矢鹳’的标本。
People gradually became aware that European birds moved south in autumn and north in summer but didn't know much about it until the practice of catching birds and putting rings on their legs became established.
人们逐渐意识到，欧洲鸟类在秋天向南迁徙，在夏天向北迁徙，但直到人们捕捉鸟类并在其腿上戴上铁环之前，人们对此知之甚少。
Before this, very little information was available about the actual destinations of particular species and how they travelled there.
在此之前，关于特定物种的实际目的地以及它们如何前往那里的信息很少。
People speculated that larger birds provided a kind of taxi service for smaller birds by carrying them on their backs.
人们推测，体型较大的鸟类通过背体型较小的鸟类为它们提供一种类似出租车的搭乘服务。
This idea came about because it seemed impossible that small birds weighing only a few grams could fly over vast oceans.
这个想法的产生是因为体重只有几克的小鸟似乎不可能飞越浩瀚的海洋。
This idea was supported by observations of bird behaviour such as the harassment of larger birds by smaller birds.
对鸟类行为的观察支持了这一观点，例如体型较小的鸟类对体型较大的鸟类的骚扰行为。
The development of bird ringing, by a Danish schoolteacher, Hans Christian Cornelius Mortensen, made many discoveries possible.
丹麦教师汉斯·克里斯蒂安·科尼利厄斯·莫滕森发明了鸟环，使许多发现成为可能。
This is still common practice today and relies upon what is known as 'recovery'–this is when ringed birds are found dead in the place they have migrated to, and identified.
直到现在，这仍然是一种常见的做法，并依赖于所谓的“寻回”，即在鸟类迁徙的地方发现并识别出带了鸟环的鸟。
Huge amounts of data were gathered in the early part of the twentieth century and for the first time in history people understood where birds actually went to in winter.
在二十世纪早期，人们收集了大量的数据，这在历史上是第一次了解鸟类在冬天到底去了哪里。
In 1931, an atlas was published showing where the most common species of European birds migrated to.
1931年，一本地图集出版，显示了欧洲最常见的鸟类迁徙到的地方。
More recent theories about bird migration…
关于鸟类迁徙的更新理论……
