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As well as manufacturing, there were new technologies in transport, contributing to the growth of consumerism.
除了制造业，运输业也出现了新技术，推动了消费主义的发展。
The horse-drawn stagecoaches and carts of the 18th century, which carried very few people and goods, and travelled slowly along poorly surfaced roads, were gradually replaced by the numerous canals that were constructed.
18世纪的驿站马车和运货马车运载的人和货物很少，而且马车在崎岖不平的道路上行驶缓慢，因此马车逐渐被修建的众多运河所取代。
These were particularly important for the transportation of goods.
这对货物运输尤其重要。
The canals gradually fell out of use, though, as railways were developed, becoming the main way of moving goods and people from one end of the country to the other.
然而，随着铁路的发展，运河逐渐停止使用，铁路成为将货物和人从一个国家的一端运送到另一端的主要方式。
And the goods they moved weren't just coal, iron, clothes, and so on – significantly, they included newspapers, which meant that thousands of people were not only more knowledgeable about what was going on in the country, but could also read about what was available in the shops.
铁路运输的货物不仅仅是煤、铁、衣服等等，重要的是，还运输报纸，这意味着成千上万的人不仅更了解这个国家正在发生的事情，而且还能了解商店里出售的东西。
And that encouraged them to buy more.
这鼓励他们购买更多的产品。
So faster forms of transport resulted in distribution becoming far more efficient -goods could now be sold all over the country, instead of just in the local market.
因此，更快的运输方式导致配送变得更加高效，商品可以在全国各地销售，而不仅仅是在当地市场销售。
The third main area that saw changes that contributed to consumerism was retailing.
推动消费主义发展的第三个主要领域是零售业。
The number and quality of shops grew rapidly, and in particular, small shops suffered as customers flocked to the growing number of department stores – a form of retailing that was new in the 19th century.
商店的数量和质量迅速增长，尤其是小商店受到了影响，因为顾客蜂拥至越来越多的百货商店——一种19世纪新出现的零售形式。
The entrepreneurs who opened these found new ways to stock them with goods, and to attract customers: for instance, improved lighting inside greatly increased the visibility of the goods for sale.
经营商店的企业家找到了储存商品和吸引顾客的新方式：例如，改善商店内部照明极大地提高了待售商品的可见度。
Another development that made goods more visible from outside resulted from the use of plate glass, which made it possible for windows to be much larger than previously.
另一个让商品从外面更容易看到的发展成果是平板玻璃的使用，这使得窗户比以前大得多成为可能。
New ways of promoting goods were introduced, too.
此外，还推出了新的商品促销方式。
Previously, the focus had been on informing potential customers about the availability of goods; now there was an explosion in advertising trying to persuade people to go shopping.
以前，重点一直是告知潜在客户商品的可用性；而那时，试图说服人们购物的广告激增。
Flanders claims that one of the great effects of the Industrial Revolution was that it created choice.
弗兰德斯声称，工业革命的巨大影响之一是它创造了选择。
All sorts of things that had previously been luxuries – from sugar to cutlery-became conveniences, and before long they'd turned into necessities: life without sugar or cutlery was unimaginable.
所有以前是奢侈品的东西——比如糖和餐具——都变成了便利品，不久它们就变成了必需品：没有糖和餐具的生活是不可想象的。
Rather like mobile phones these days!
就像如今的手机一样！
