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Hi everyone, in this session I'll be presenting my research about the social history of Britain during the Industrial Revolution.
大家好，在这节课中，我将介绍我对工业革命期间英国社会史的研究。
I particularly looked at how ordinary lives were affected by changes that happened at that time.
我特别研究了当时发生的变化对普通人生活的影响。
This was a time that saw the beginning of a new phenomenon: consumerism -where buying and selling goods became a major part of ordinary people's lives.
那时有一种新现象开始发生：消费主义——在那个时代，买卖商品成为普通人生活的重要组成部分。
In fact, it was in the 19th century that the quantity and quality of people's possessions was used as an indication of the wealth of the country.
事实上，直到19世纪，人们才用财产的数量和质量来衡量一个国家的财富。
Before this, the vast majority of people had very few possessions, but all that was changed by the Industrial Revolution.
在此之前，绝大多数人的财产很少，但工业革命改变了这一切。
This was the era from the mid-18th to the late 19th century, when improvements in how goods were made as well as in technology triggered massive social changes that transformed life for just about everybody in several key areas.
那个时代是从18世纪中期到19世纪末，当时商品制造方式和技术的进步引发了巨大的社会变革，并在几个关键领域改变了几乎每个人的生活。
First let's look at manufacturing.
首先，让我们来看看制造业。
When it comes to manufacturing, we tend to think of the Industrial Revolution in images of steam engines and coal.
谈到制造业，我们往往会联想到工业革命时期的蒸汽机和煤炭。
And it's true that the Industrial Revolution couldn't have taken place at all if it weren't for these new sources of power.
诚然，如果没有这些新的能源，工业革命根本就不可能发生。
They marked an important shift away from the traditional watermills and windmills that had dominated before this.
它们取代了在此之前占主导地位的传统水磨和风车，标志着发生了重要转变。
The most advanced industry for much of the 19th century was textiles.
在19世纪的大部分时间里，最先进的工业是纺织业。
This meant that fashionable fabrics, and lace and ribbons were made available to everyone.
这意味着每个人都可以买到时髦的布料、蕾丝和丝带。
Before the Industrial Revolution, most people made goods to sell in small workshops, often in their own homes.
在工业革命之前，大多数人通常会在自家的小作坊里制造商品出售。
But enormous new machines were now being created that could produce the goods faster and on a larger scale, and these required a lot more space.
但随着巨大的新机器被制造出来，他们能够更快、更大规模地生产商品，而这些机器需要占据更多的空间。
So large factories were built, replacing the workshops, and forcing workers to travel to work.
因此人们建造了大型工厂，取代了作坊，迫使工人出去上班。
In fact, large numbers of people migrated from villages into towns as a result.
事实上，因此，大量的人从乡村迁移到城镇。
