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Conversation Two
对话二
First of all, we have known that excessive drinking has different costs on society.
首先，我们已经知道过度饮酒会给社会造成不同程度的损失。
It’s often a tragedy for the family or the loved ones of the disease, but what surprised you about these numbers in the study?
对于患病的家人或心爱之人来说，这通常是一场悲剧，但研究中的这些数字让你感到惊讶的是什么？
Well, Hari, you are right, we have known that excessive alcohol use is a huge public health problem for a long time.
哈里，你说得对，我们都知道长期以来，过度饮酒是一个巨大的公共健康问题。
What surprised us in this study was the extent to which that public health impact was focused on working-age adults.
在这项研究中，令我们惊讶的是，该公共健康问题对劳动年龄成年人的影响程度。
And as you noted in your opener, we estimate that about one in 10 deaths among working-age adults, ages 20~64 years, are attributable to excessive alcohol use.
正如你在开场白中提到的，我们估计，在20岁至64岁的劳动年龄成年人中，大约十分之一的死亡可归因于过度饮酒。
That’s a huge number and certainly indicates to us that we need to redouble our efforts to prevent it.
这是一个巨大的数字，当然也向我们表明，我们需要加倍努力来防止它。
So this study also said that—other statistic that reached out to me was the fourth leading cause of death attributable to excessive drinking.
这项研究还表明，我得到的其他统计数据是过度饮酒导致死亡的第四大原因。
How do we define excessive?
我们如何定义过度？
Well, excessive alcohol use is a sort of an umbrella term that we use for various patterns of alcohol consumption and also for drinking among certain high-risk groups.
过度饮酒是一个总称，我们用它来形容各种饮酒模式以及某些高危人群的饮酒行为。
So under the umbrella, we would include binge-drinking, which is, for a woman, consuming four or more drinks on an occasion that is within a short period of time, for men, five or more drinks within an occasion that is again within a short period of time, basically drinking to the point of acute intoxication.
在这一定义下，我们可以把酗酒包含在内，对女性来说，就是在短时间内喝下四杯或四杯以上的酒，对男性来说，在短时间内喝下五杯或五杯以上的酒，基本上就是喝到急性酒精中毒的程度。
And then any alcohol consumption by groups that we know to be at particularly high risk of harms from alcohol consumption, specifically underage youth, that is youth under age 21, and pregnant women.
我们所知的饮酒人群中，受到饮酒危害的风险特别高的群体：尤其是未成年人（即21岁以下的青年）以及孕妇。
And what are these factors that influence that?
影响这一点的因素是什么？
Does it happen more among males, more among young people?
这种情况是否更多地发生在男性身上以及年轻人身上？
Well, there certainly are some important differences across different population groups.
不同的人群之间存在一些重要的差异。
And yes, we know that men tend to binge-drink more than women.
是的，我们知道男性往往比女性更容易酗酒。
The prevalence, as we call it, the proportion of people who report binge-drinking is higher in younger-age groups, 18~24, but also 25~34.
正如我们所说的，报告称，酗酒的人的比例在18岁至24岁的年轻人群体中较高，但在25岁至34岁的人群中也较高。
But it’s important to recognize that this really is an important public health problem across the lifespan.
但重要的是要认识到，这真的是一个贯穿一生的重要的公共健康问题。
But it’s also a very expensive problem for all of us.
但对我们所有人来说，这也是一个非常昂贵的问题。
And, as you noted in your opening, we estimate the economic cost of excessive drinking at about $224 billion a year.
正如你在开场白中提到的，我们估计，过度饮酒每年造成的经济损失约为2240亿美元。
And a large proportion of that cost, about $2 out of every $5, is paid for by government.
其中很大一部分损失——每5美元中约有2美元——由政府支付。
So, essentially, all of us are paying the cost of excessive alcohol use.
因此，从本质上说，我们所有人都在为过度饮酒付出代价。
And the results of this survey are self-reported.
这项调查的结果是自我报告的。
So is there a possibility that the numbers you’re talking about could even be higher?
那么，你所说的数字有没有可能更高呢？
Absolutely. The estimates that we reported in our study, which, again, are deaths that are attributable to excessive alcohol use, are calculated in a variety of different ways, but part of that calculation does involve self-reports of alcohol consumption by individuals.
绝对有可能。我们在研究中报告的估计数字，同样是过度饮酒导致的死亡人数，是以各种不同的方式计算的，但其中一部分计算确实包括个人饮酒的自我报告。
And we know that people tend to significantly under-report their alcohol consumption.
我们知道，人们往往会严重少报自己的饮酒量。
So what do we know about policies or practices that change consumption behavior? What works?
那么，我们对改变饮酒行为的政策或做法了解多少呢？什么会起作用呢？
From a public perspective, policies that relate to the price and availability of alcohol are among those that we think can be most impactful in reducing excessive alcohol consumption.
从公众的角度来看，与酒类价格和可获得性相关的政策是我们认为在减少过度饮酒方面最有效的政策之一。
