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一项新的研究表明，气候的变化几乎在人类进化中的每一次重要关头都扮演了关键角色：从6500万年前的灵长类动物到人类祖先的直立行走；从人类脑容量的增加到农业的兴起。
本句的主干是New research...suggests that...。that引导的是suggests的宾语从句that climate shifts have played...；冒号后的内容from the dawn of..to the rise of agriculture对该从句进行补充说明。
shift在句中意为"转变"，该词还可指"轮班"。如：
I don't want to work the night shift.
我不想上夜班。
This interview was a turning point in his career.
这次面试是他事业上的转折点。
They are looking forward to the dawn of better days.
他们期待更好日子的来临。
The board are against a major savings expansion.
董事会反对大量扩充储蓄业务。
rise、arise和raise这三个动词形似义近，均有"上升；举起；涨高"之意，但存在一定的区别。
rise为不及物动词，没有被动语态，后面不能加宾语，可指具体的或抽象的动作。如：
The -river rises every spring.
河水每年春天都会上涨。
The people wanted to rise against the oppression.
人民想起义反抗压迫。
These problems have arisen as a result of your carelessness.
出现这些问题是因为你粗心。
The boss decided to raise Bob's salary.
老板决定给鲍勃涨工资。
She raised chickens and pigs.
她养鸡和猪。
