十、省略与替代(Ellipsis and Substitution)
　　省略与替代二者有着紧密的联系，都是为了精简词语和避免重复，常常交替使用，从而使语言简洁明了，上下文联系更加紧密。
　　省略
　　1. 某一句子成分的省略
　　(I) Beg your pardon?
　　(There) Must be somebody waiting for you.
　　We'll do the best we can (do).
　　Only one of us was seriously injured, and he (was injured) just slightly.
　　Which of them is the better choice? — Well, it's hard to tell (it).
　　Let's do the dishes. I'll wash (dishes) and you dry (dishes).
　　Is this your bike? — Yes, it is (mine).
　　He's a real man. — Who is (a real man)?
　　If you need any of that firewood, I can give you plenty (of that firewood).
　　That letter was the last (I ever received from her).
　　2. 多个句子成分的省略
　　(I'll say) A word about your composition.
　　(It is) Interesting, isn't it?
　　(Is there) Anybody in?
　　(Have you) Got a light?
　　How could you (say so)?
　　Why (do you) not go by bus?
　　Which is the best? — The red one (is the best).
　　Have you finished the work? — Yes, I have (finished it).
　　3. 从句或整句省略
　　He paused as if (he were) expecting Jenny to speak.
　　When (she was) asked about it, she only smiled without giving any answer.
　　It is easier to make a plan than (it is) to carry it out.
　　Do you like the film? — Oh, (I like it) very much.
　　Shall I make a fair copy of it? — Yes, (you can make a fair copy of it) if time permits.
　　You would do the same (if you were in my position).
　　I asked her when she would leave, and she said she didn't know (when she would leave).
　　替代
　　1. 名词性替代
　　名词性替代指用替代词代替名词或名词词组。常见的名词替代词有代词one / ones, the same, the kind, the sort等。如：
　　The child doesn't like this book. Show him a more interesting one. (one = book)
　　Today's libraries are quite different from those of the past. (those = the libraries)
　　I'll have two boiled eggs, please. — I'd like the same. (the same = two boiled eggs)
　　2. 动词性替代
　　动词性替代指用替代词代替动词或动词短语。常见的动词替代词有do, do so等。如：
　　John speaks French as fluently as he does German. (does = speaks)
　　He said he would tell me the news, but he didn't do so. (do so = tell me the news)
　　I like playing football. — So do I. (So do I. = I like playing football, too.)
　　Mary will enter the competition. — So will Joan. (So will Joan. = Joan will enter the competition.)
　　3. 句子替代
　　句子替代是指用替代词代替整个从句。主要替代词有so和not。 如：
　　— Do you think he'll come tomorrow?
　　— Yes, I think so. (so = that he'll come tomorrow)
　　No, I think not. (not = that he'll not come tomorrow)