八、独立结构(the Absolute Construction)
　　独立结构是带有自己逻辑主语的结构，又称独立主格结构。作为句子的一个语言单位，其行文简单明了，功能多样。
　　独立结构的形式
　　1. 名词(或主格结构)+ 动词的非谓语动词形式
　　Here are the first two volumes, the third one to come out next week.
　　The plan having been made, what is important is to put it into practice.
　　The duty completed, he had three months’ leave.
　　2. 名词(或主格代词)+ 形容词
　　He entered the room, his nose red with cold.
　　She looked at him expectantly, her eyes full of excitement and curiosity.
　　3. 名词(或主格代词)+ 介词短语
　　I stood at his left, my finger on the button, waiting for the order.
　　The teacher entered the classroom, chalk in one hand, (a) textbook in the other.
　　4. 名词(或主格代词)+ 副词
　　Class over, all the students went out of the classroom.
　　He put on his socks, wrong side out.
　　5. 名词(或主格代词)+ 名词
　　His first shot failure, he fired again.
　　She sat alone in the room, her only company a dying fire.
　　注：以上独立结构都可以看作是带being的分词复合结构的省略形式。加入being就变成了分词的复合结构。如：
　　Here are the first two volumes, the third one (being) to come out next week.
　　He entered the room, his nose (being) red with cold.
　　I stood at his left, my finger (being) on the button, waiting for the order.
　　6. 介词with或without引导的独立结构
　　这种独立结构的一般构成为：with / without + 名/代词 + (分词、形容词、副词、不定式、介词短语)。如：
　　With the old man leading, the two started towards the mountains.
　　She felt nervous, with all eyes fixed on her.
　　Never sleep with the window open in winter.
　　With John away, we’ve got more room.
　　With five minutes to go before the last train left, we arrived at the station.
　　His wife came down the stairs, with her two-year-old son in her arms.
　　7. “There being + 名词”结构
　　There being no money left, we have to change our plan.
　　There being no spare parts, the equipment could not be repaired at once.
　　独立结构的句法功能
　　独立结构在句中多作状语，偶尔也作定语，表示时间、条件、原因、方式、伴随或补充说明。如：
　　The bell ringing, all the pupils went into the classroom.
　　Weather permitting, the football match will be played next Sunday.
　　The question being rather difficult, we must take time to consider it carefully.
　　The brave man fought the man-eating tiger, a stick his only weapon.
　　How can I work with you making all that noise?
　　The war was over, without a shot being fired.
　　A little boy with two of his front teeth missing ran into the room.
　　Jenny in trouble was the reason for my rushing there.