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第5课
虚拟语气
一、虚拟语气的规则用法：
1主、从句都表示与过去事实相反：
从句的谓语动词用：had + 动词过去分词；
主句的谓语动词用：情态动词+ have + 动词过去分词。
注意：能用于虚拟语气的情态动词只有四个：should, could, would, might.
使用哪一个情态动词要由句子含义决定，考试中出现最多的是could, would.
2 主、从句都表示与现在事实相反：
从句的谓语动词用：动词过去式（如果是be则只能用were）
主句的谓语动词用：情态动词+ 动词原形。
3 主、从句都表示与将来事实相反：
从句的谓语动词用：were to + 动词原形（重点）、should + 动词原形、动词过去式；
主句的谓语动词用：情态动词+ 动词原形。
二、虚拟语气的特殊应用：
1would rather+ 句子，这时句子谓语动词用一般过去时来体现虚拟语气。
2if only 如果，要是...就好了，if only + 句子，这时句子一定要用虚拟语气。
有两种形式可以体现虚拟语气：
a. 如果该句子如果表示与现在或将来事实相反，谓语动词用一般过去时。
b. 如果该句子如果表示与过去事实相反，谓语动词用过去完成时。
70. Look at the terrible situation I am in! If only I _B_ your advice.
A follow B had followed C would follow D have followed
47. If only the committee _D_ the regulations and put them into effect as soon as possible
A approve B will approve C can approve D would approve
注意：当if only后的句子表示与现在或将来事实相反，该用动词过去式来表示虚拟语气，而选项中又没有时，可以采用这种形式：would + 动词原形。
3 当以下动词后加句子时，句子应用虚拟语气，句子谓语动词的形式是：（should）+ 动词原形。
a. 表示建议、提议的：suggest, advise, propose, recommend, move.
[move只有在表达在会议上提出提议时后面加虚拟语气]
b. 表示要求的：ask, demand, require, request, desire.
c. 表示指挥、命令的：order,command,direct.
d. 表示坚持，坚持认为的：insist.
4 it is + 第三点中动词的过去分词+ that引导的从句。
这样的结构中从句谓语动词形式为：（should）+ 动词原形。
以下几个形容词置于该结构中时也要用相同的形式来体现虚拟语气：
important, necessary, essential, obligatory（有义务的，强制性的，必须的）。
5 第三点中动词相应的名词形式+ that引导从句，该从句同样要用虚拟语气，
谓语动词形式为：（should）+ 动词原形。
经常用于这种结构的词有：suggestion, advice, proposal, recommendation, motion.
6 以下一些表达方式所在的句子一定要用虚拟语气。
or(表示否则), otherwise, unless, but for(若不是，若非)
当遇到含有以上四个表达方式的句子时，先要判断该句是表示与现在、过去、还是将来事实相反，然后依照相应的虚拟语气规则用法的形式来确定句子结构。
含有下面三个表达方式的句子体现虚拟语气的形式是固定的：
lest(以免，防备), for fear that(惟恐), on condition that(在..条件下)
它们后面句子的谓语动词的形式都是：（should）+ 动词原形。
7 it is time 是...的时候了。
这个结构有以下两种变形形式，所用虚拟语气形式都一样：it is high time / it is about time.
这三个结构后面加的句子谓语动词都用一般过去时来体现虚拟语气。
8 注意以下两种情况下should + 动词原形中should不能省略。
这里should表示一种语气，经常被翻译成“竟然”。
a. 四个动词：think, believe, expect, suspect.
它们的否定或者疑问形式后面加句子，句子谓语动词用：should + 动词原形，should不能省略。
I don't believe that he should be cheated. 我不相信他也会被骗。
b. it is a pity, it is a shame 真遗憾，it is strange 真怪
以上三个结构后面加的句子谓语动词用：should + 动词原形，should不能省略。
错综时态的虚拟语气
错综时态的虚拟语气即指主句和从句在表达是与什么时态的事实相反上并不一致（比如主句要表达与现在事实相反而从句要表达与过去事实相反），这种情况要采用“对号入座”的方法来处理，即主从句结构分别采用与其表达时态对应的结构。
60. If I hadn’t stood under the ladder to catch you when you fell, you _A_ now.
A wouldn't be smiling B couldn't have smiled C won't smile D didn't smile
2. If you had studied the problem carefully yesterday, _C_.
A you won’t find any difficulty now B you would not have found any difficulty now
C you would not find any difficulty now D you have not found any difficulty now
3. He would be studying at the university now if he _C_ the entrance examination.
A passed B have passed C had passed D should have passed
16.It is a shamethat he _B_ that poor little girl!
A deceived B should deceive C deceive D deceiving
18. Mrs. bliss kept the door and the windows shutlestthe noise outside _D_ her son's sleep. [lest(以免，防备) 后面句子的谓语动词的形式都是：（should）+ 动词原形]
A would interfere with B had interfered with
C interfered with D should interfere with
-------------------------1996-01-------------------------
21. The fifth generation computers, with artificial intelligence, _C_ and perfectednow.
A) developed B have developed C are being developed D will have been developed
22. This ticket _C_ you to a free meal in our new restaurant.
A gives B grants C entitles D credits
A,B两项都要加双宾语，结构为：gives / grants sb. sth.
entitle sb. to sth. 使某人有权得到某物；credit A to B 相信A是由B造成的。
相信飞机失事是由飞行员错误造成的。Credit the crash to the pilot's mistake.
crash 坠落，坠毁（专指飞机失事）；collision 碰撞（强调两个物体碰撞，如火车、汽车等）。
we are sorry, very sorry, terribly sorry, awfully sorry.
23. You _D_ her in her office last Friday; she's been out of town for two weeks.
A needn't have seen B must have seen
C might have seen D can't have seen
