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hard (努力，副词) -hardly (几乎不，副词)
close (接近，形容词) -closely(接近，副词)
near (接近，形容词) -nearly (几乎，副词)， nearby (adj.邻近的)
most (大多数的，形容词) -mostly(主要地，大部分 副词)
late (迟、晚，形容词) -lately (最近，副词)，later(adv.稍后的)
high (高的，形容词) -highly (adv. 非常，大大的)
另外：friendly(友好的)， lovely(可爱的、有趣的)，尽管词尾有ly, 但是都是形容词作主语：不定式短语可作主语如：To see is to believe (百闻不如一见)
To work hard should be your major concern.注意：由于英文不习惯句子主语过长，不定式主语常被形式主语it所代替
例如上面第二句可以变为： It should be your major concern to work hard.
又如： It is very nice of you to help me
不定式常接在名词之后作定语，如：something to read, nothing to do, anything to declare,
a lot to complain of, the right person to talk to, etc.由上述例子不难看出不定式和被修饰词间有动宾关系，因此不及物动词之后必须加上相搭配的介词(例如上面的complain + of, talk +to)不定式定语还可表示将来的含义，如：in the years to follow, the meeting to be held in June
独立主格的主语和句子主语不一致：
如：(With) His mouth filled with water, he couldn't utter a word. (独立主格) 对于分词来讲其逻辑主语必须和句子的主语保持一致: Filling his mouth with water, he couldn't utter a word.
