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语法
一、 非谓语动词
近几年的语法测试中非谓语动词约占31.1%，平均每年近5道题，可谓是语法项目考查的重点，那么非谓语动词的考查都有哪些特点，解答时又应注意些什么呢？下面我和大家就一起来分析一下：
1、非谓语动词考查特点
1) 谓语动词与非谓语动词的判断
对谓语动词与非谓语动词区别的考查主要集中在独立主格结构，如：
All things ___ because of the snowstorm, many passengers could do nothing but take the train.
A. had been canceled B. have been canceled
C. were canceled D. having been canceled
四个选项中有三个是谓语动词，只有D是非谓语动词，只要同学们能判断出这里是非谓语动词做状语，则不用考虑时态的问题，答案自明。
2) 谓语动词后不定式与动名词的选择
谓语动词后接不定式还是接动名词也是三级语法测试中的一个题眼。如：
① I don't mind ____ the decision as long as it is not too late.
A. you to delay making B. your delaying making
C. your delaying to make D. you delay to make
② Had I remembered ____ the windows, the thief would not have got
in.
A. to close B. closing
C. to have closed D. having closed
③ Your hair wants ______ . You'd better have it done tomorrow.
A. cut B. to cut C. cutting D. being cut
这类题涉及三个方面：
谓语动词后应该接不定式还是动名词？
即可接不定式又可接动名词时，结构和意思上有何差别？
不定式与动名词用主动形式还是用被动形式？
3) 做定语的非谓语动词的选择
从近几年的考查情况来看，对做定语的非谓语动词的考查有两种情况：
(1)对一般概念的考查，而不是固定结构中的非谓语动词做定语。如：
① The project ____ by the end of 2000, will expand the city's
telephone network to cover 1,000,000 users.
A. accomplished B. being accomplished
C. to be accomplished D. having been accomplished
② If I correct someone, I will do it with so much good humor and
self-restraint as if I were the one ______.
A. to correct B. correcting
C. having been corrected D. being corrected
同学们只要掌握非谓语动词做定语的一般的规律,就可以判断①题答案为C，②题答案为D。
(2)对固定结构的考查，如：
① The professor could hardly find sufficient grounds _____ his
arguments in favor of the new theory.
A. to be based on B. to base on
C. which to base on D. on which to base
② The pressure _____ causes Americans to be energetic, but it
also puts them under a constant emotional strain.
A. to compete B. competing
C. to be competed D. having competed
①题为不定式做定语的固定形式，答案为D，②题为某些特定名词的定语结构，答案为A。在英语中有些名词，如动词变来的名词，形容词变来的名词，以及means, way, time, moment, reason等要求其后用不定式做定语，不定式没有体的变化。
4) 做状语的非谓语动词的选择
做状语的非谓语动词主要考查其各种形式的选择，如：
① ______ the earth to be flat, many feared that Columbus would
fall off the edge of the earth.
A. Having believed B. Believing
C. Believed D. Being Believed
② _______ a teacher in a university, it is necessary to have at
least a master's degree.
A. To become B. Become C. One becomes D. On becoming
③ Realizing that he hadn't enough money and ____ to borrow from
his father, he decided to sell his watch.
A. not wanted B. no to want C. not wanting D. wanting not
④ ___ it or not, his discovery has created a stir in scientific
circles.
A. Believe B. To believe C. Believing D. Believed
从以上各题来看，考查的侧重点有：
(1)状语类别的判断
不同的状语对非谓语动词的要求不同，目的状语要求用不定式，如②。
(2)非谓语动词与句子属于之间的逻辑关系
根据主谓关系或动宾关系的不同来确定用现在分词还是用过去分词。
(3)非谓语动词的否定形式
not否定非谓语动词时置于非谓语动词之前，如③。
(4) 独立成分
有些非谓语动词的使用不受与句子主语关系的限制，称为独立成分，这类成 分只记忆即可。如:
generally speaking, judging from..., to tell the truth..., 等。
5) 做补足语的非谓语动词的选择
做宾语补足语的非谓语动词受谓语动词的限制，不同动词后的宾语补足语形式要求不同。近几年对各类宾补都有考查。如：
① They are going to have the service man ____ an electric fan in
the office tomorrow.
A. install B. to install C. to be installed D. installed
② After a few rounds of talks, both sides regarded the territory
dispute ______.
A. being settled B. to be settled
C. had settled D. as settled
③ You will see this product ____ wherever you go.
A. to be advertised B. advertised
C. advertise D. advertising
④ His remarks left me _____ about his real purpose.
A. wondered B. wonder C. to wonder D. wondering
⑤ When I caught him ______ me I stopped buying things there and
started dealing with another shop.
A. cheating B. cheat C. to cheat D. to be cheating
⑥ The sale usually takes place outside the house, with the
audience _____ on benches, chairs or boxes.
A. having seated B. seating C. seated D. having been seated
考查涉及到
感官动词后的宾语补足语，如③。
have, make, let, leave等特殊单词后的宾语补足语。
regard类后面的宾语补足语
with独立分句后面的
常用动词后面的宾语补足语。
6) 做表语的非谓语动词的选择
表语的考查多侧重于分词做表语形式的选择，很少有动名词的用法的考查，虽然选项中有不定式作为干扰项，只要能看出是做表语的也就不用考虑。如：
① The house was very quiet, ____ as it was on the side of the
mountain.
A. isolated B. isolating
C. being isolated D. having been isolated
② These surveys indicate that many crimes go _____ by the police,
mainly because not all victims report them.
A. unrecorded B. to be unrecorded
C. unrecording D. to have been unrecorded
分词做表语可以做系动词be的表语，也可以做其它系动词的表语，如go, feel,seem, look, remain等等。这些系动词后非谓语动词的饿用法规则是相同的。
7) to作为介词与作为不定式符号的选择
to可以是介词，也可以用来引导不定式，三级考试中对种类用法的考查也比较多。如：
① I have no objection _______ your story again.
A. to hear B. to hearing
C. to having heard D. to have heard
② The traditional approach ____ with complex problems is to break
down into smaller, more easily managed problems.
A. to dealing B. in dealing C. dealing D. to deal
③ The man in the corner confessed to _____ a lie to the manager
of the company. (1997.6)
A. have told B. be told C. being told D. having told
这类考题的考查方式有两种，一是四个选项中有两个相对的选项to do something 和 to doing something，这时考查的自然是to的性质；另一种是to在题干中，如③。
8) 分词前连词的使用
分词前连词的使用是为了使分词的作用更加明了，使考生更加准确地理解试题。考查有两种情况
(1)根据连词选择适当的分词形式
Michael used to look hurt and surprised when ______.
A. scolding B. to scold C. having scolded D. scolded
when的使用说明非谓语动词做时间状语，答案不可能是B，从scold与句子主语间的逻辑关系来看，应该是动宾关系，答案应该是D。
(2)根据状语的功能选择不同的连词
Careful surveys have indicated that as many as 50 percent of
patient do not take drugs ___ directed.
A. like B. so C. which D. as
由上下文的意思可以看出，分词所做的是方式状语，连词应该是as。
9) 非谓语动词的体
非谓语动词中分词的体有完成体和进行体，即having done, having been done和being done，完成体只用于做状语的场合，而进行体可以用于做定语和做补足语。
动名词的体也有having done, having been done和 being done的结构主要用于做主语和宾语的场合。
不定式的体有to be doing 和to have done，主要用于pretend, happen, seem, appear, be said to等结构中。如：
① The man in the corner confessed to _____ a lie to the manager
of the company.
A. have told B. be told C. being told D. having told
having told在句中做介词宾语，表示动作发生在谓语动词之前。
② I'd rather read than watch television; the programs seem ____
all the time.
A. to get worse B. to be getting worse
C. to have got worse D. getting worse
从all the time的使用可以推断get worse是一个渐变过程，所以用不定式的进行体。
③ The speech _____ a lively discussion started.
A. being delivered B. was delivered
C. be delivered D. having been delivered
该结构属于独立主格结构做时间状语，状语分词所表示的动作发生在谓语动词之前，所以应该用完成体，答案为D。
主谓一致的三条原则
在成人英语三级测试的"词汇与结构"一题中，考查主语和谓语一致关系的试题居多。所以主谓一致是各类一致关系中应该重点掌握的内容。现代英语主谓一致大致要遵循以下三条原则：1)语法一致原则。主语是单数，谓语动词用单数形式；主语是复数，谓语动词用复数形式。
【例如】
My friend has no intention of going shopping with me.
My friends have no intention of going shopping with me.
2)意义一致原则。主语和谓语的一致不是由主语的语法形式来决定，而是由主语所表达的意义决定。
【例如】
The class are busying writing English passages.
The United States is a developed country which has advanced science and technology.
带有复数词尾的学科名称、国家等在意义是表示单数概念，用单数动词。
3)就近原则。谓语动词的单、复数取决于最靠近它的主语。由either....or, neither....nor, not only....but also连接或由here, there等引导的句子，谓语动词遵循这一原则。
【例如】Neither my friends nor I was able to persuade him to accept our advice.
Either he or she has broken the window, for there is no one else there.
There is a teacher and fifty students in the classroom.
动词时态语态
一、时态
1.现在时
2.过去时
3.将来时
二、语态
动词时态
英语动词从时间上看，有现在、过去、将来及过去将来之分。从体上看，有一般、进行、完成及完成进行之区别。英语时态共有16种，现以动词write 为例，将其16种形式列表如下：
现在 过去 将来 过去将来
一般 write(s) wrote shall Write Will should writewould
进行 amis writingare was writingwere shall be writingwill should be writingwould
完成 have written has had written shall have writtenwill should have writtenwould
完成进行 have beenwritinghas had been writin shall have been writing will should have been writing would
以上16种时态中，过去将来进行时、过去将来完成时、将来完成进行时以及过去将来完成进行时很少使用。因此常用的时态为12种，下面对12种时态简述如下：（其中英语自学考试要重点掌握的时态有：一般现在时、过去时、现在完成时、现在完成进行时、过去完成时、将来完成时等）
一般现在时
主要用来表示：
1. 客观事实与普遍真理，经常性或反复发生的动作及现在状态，常和always , every weekend , never , occasionally , often , on Sundays , seldom , once a week , usually 等状语连用。
My mother works at the same company as my father . 我母亲与我父亲在同一家公司工作。
Four plus two equals six . 四加二等于六。
He takes a walk after supper every day . 他每天晚饭后散步。
The sun rises in the east and sets in the west . 日出东方，日落西方。
2．报刊标题，体育解说或舞台指导
CHINA HOSTS OLYMPIC GAMES
Charlton passes to Jodan ; Jodan shoots, it's a good goal. 查尔顿传球给乔丹，乔丹投篮，好球。
3．特殊用法：
a) 代替将来时，用于时间和条件状语从句中。
Please wait till Jane arrives . 请等到简回来。
We'll go fishing if the weather is good tomorrow .
b) 表预先安排好的动作，常用于begin , close , depart , finish , open , stop 等动词。
The concert begins at 7:30 and ends at 9:30. 音乐会定于7时30分开始，9时30分结束。
现在进行时
1.表示现在某时刻或某阶段正在进行的动作
They are discussing how to sell the goods elsewhere . 他们在讨论如何在别的地方销售这些商品。
He's talking to his girlfriend on the phone . 他正在和他的女朋友通电话。
2.一些表示状态和感觉的动词（静态动词）一般不用进行时态， 如hate , like , love , believe, think , look (看起来)，mind (在意)，have (有)， seem , remain , contain , deserve , owe , own ,require 等。
3．有些动词（如go , come , stay , leave , start 等）的现在进行时形式也可以表示将来即将发生的动作。
He is coming to see you tomorrow . 他明天要来看你。
The plane is leaving for London . 这架飞机要飞往伦敦。
现在完成时
1．现在完成时用来表示过去开始，但持续到现在的动作，或表示过去发生的动作，但对现在仍留下某种后果和影响。常和already , before , in the past few months , over the past 5 years, just , so far , up to now ,yet 等状语连用。
He can't go on holiday because He has broken his leg . 因为他把腿摔伤了，所以不能去度假。
I haven't seen her since 1991. 自1991年以来我就没有再看见她。
2．在It is the first time that – 分句结构或It / This is 形容词最高级 名词后的从句中用现在完成时
It's the third time I have explained this particular aspect of grammar. 这是我第三次讲解这条语法的特殊用法。
He's the most interesting person I have ever met .
现在完成进行时
现在完成进行时用来表示从过去某一时间开始一直延续到现在的动作，这个动作可能刚刚结束，或者可能要继续进行下去。
The children have been watching TV all morning . 这些孩子整个上午都在看电视。
一般过去时
一般过去时主要用来表示过去某时发生的动作或状态，常和表示过去的时间状语（如yesterday , last week , three years ago , in 1998 等）连用。
He made the statement at a meeting with Ambassador Last Friday . 上周五他在与大使的会谈中发表了声明。
She often came to help me at that time . 那时她经常来帮助我。
1. 在时间状语从句中，代替过去将来时。
I missed that exciting game , because mother said I couldn't watch before my homework was finished .
我错过了那场激动人心的比赛，因为妈妈说我完做作业才能看电视。
2. 一般过去时与现在完成时的区别：
a) 现在完成时强调动作现在的结果；过去时着眼过去的动作或状态。
He went to Africa . 他到非洲去了。
He has gone to Africa . 他已经到非洲去了。
He has been to Africa . 他去过非洲。
b) 表示过去的时间状语只用于过去时，不能用于现在完成时：
He died ten days ago .
He has been dead for ten days .
过去进行时
表示过去某一时刻或某段时间内正在进行的动作。
I was practicing my oral English at eight o'clock yesterday evening. 昨晚八点我正在练习英语口语。
When I saw her , she was working at the computer . 我看到她时她正在上机。
过去完成时
过去完成时用来表示过去某个时间或某个动作之前已经完成的动作，或者表示过去某个时间开始一直延续到过去另一个时间的动作。强调过去的过去。常和after , before , by , until 等引导的时间状语连用。过去完成时的形式是had 动词过去分词。
When I came to her room , she had already left . 当我来到她房间时，她已离开那里了。
I waited until he had finished his work . 我一直等到他干完活。
1. 过去完成时通常与由介词"by 表示过去时间的名词"构成的短语连用。例如：
By the end of last week we had already done half of the work. 到上星期为止，我们已经做了一半的工作了。
By the time I left the school I had taught that class for ten years. 到我离开学校的时候为止，我已经教了那个班十年了。
2. 过去完成时通常用在动词said, told, asked, explained, thought, wondered等引起的宾语从句中。例如：
I told them that I had done enough work for one day.
我告诉他们我这一天做的工作够多的了。
She wondered who had left the door open.
她想知道是谁没关门。
3. 在no sooner … than, hardly … when, scarcely … when, barely … when句型中，主句中的谓语动词通常要用过去完成时，从句中谓语动词要用一般过去时。例如：
Hardly had he begun to speak when the audience interrupted him.
他刚一开口说话，听众就打断了他。
过去完成进行时
过去完成进行时用来表示过去某个时间以前已经开始而又延续到过去这个时间的动作。这个动作可能刚刚停止，也可能还在持续。过去完成进行时也是一个相对的时态，上下文中须有明示或暗示的作为参照的过去时间。过去进行时的形式是had been doing。
Dick had been smoking for ten years before he decided to give it up last year .
去年狄克决定戒烟，在这之前他已经抽了十年了。
She said she had been expecting your good news . 她说她一直期待着你的好消息。
一般将来时
主要用来表示将来发生的动作或情况以及未来的倾向：
将来时的多种表示法：
1. ＂ shall , will 动词原形＂
We shall start right away . 我们马上出发。
They will leave for HongKong tomorrow. 他们明天动身去香港。
2. ＂be going 不定式＂表示最近打算要做的事情。
What are you going to do this evening ? 你今天晚上干什么？
The wall is going to be painted green . 这堵墙将被漆成绿色。
3. ＂be to do＂ 表示按计划，日程要发生的事情。
We are to meet at the school gate. 我们约定在学校门口见。
There is to be a test in the tenth week. 第十周将有一次考试。
4. ＂be about 不定式＂ 表示"正要"，"刚要"发生的动作。
Autumn harvest is about to start . 秋收就要开始了。
5. 一般现在时表示将来见5.1.3
6. 现在进行时表示按计划、安排即将发生的动作见5.2.3
将来进行时
将来进行时由shall或will be 现在分词构成用来表示在将来的某一段时间正在发生的动作，或按计划在未来将要进行的动作。
This time next week she will be working in that company . 下星期的这个时候她将在那家公司工作。
I'll be waiting for you at the hotel after supper . 晚饭后我将在旅馆等着你。
将来完成时
将来完成时由shall 或will have done 构成用来表示在将来某一时间以前已经完成的动作。将来完成时常与by the end of this month, by then (5 o'clock) , this time next week , by the time 等时间状语连用。
We hope it will have stopped raining before we set off for the picnic . 我们希望在出发去野餐以前雨就已经停了。
I'll have done all the work by the time you are back this evening . 你们今晚回来的时候我就将作完全部工作。
1. 将来完成时通常与："by 将来时间"和＂by the time that＂结构连用。例如：
① By the year 2050, scientists probably will have discovered a cure for cancer.
到2050年，科学家们可能已经找到了治愈癌症的方法。
② By the time you arrive in London, we will have been staying in Europe for two weeks.
等你到达伦敦的时候，我们已经在欧洲呆了两星期了。
2. 在时间从句和条件从句中，现在完成时可以代替将来完成时，表示将来某时业已完成的动作。例如：
① You'll get to like the subject after you have studied it for some time.
在学习这个学科一段时间之后，你就会喜欢它的。
② I'll go and see the exhibition as soon as I have finished my work.
我一做完作业就去看展览。
3. 将来完成时还可以表示"可能性"，或"设想"。例如：
It's five o'clock， they will have arrived home by now.
已经五点钟了，他们现在应该已经到家了。
过去将来时
表示在过去某一时刻之后将要发生的动作或情况，多见于主句谓语动词是一般过去时的宾语从句中。其形式由would 或 加动词原形构成。
He said that he would get married soon . 他说他不久就要结婚了。
[注] 和一般将来时一样， 过去将来是也有其它相应的表达形式。如 was (were)going to do 等。
动词语态
英语的语态问题主要是被动语态。关于被动语态，下面几个特点是需要掌握的：
1.动词被动语态的形式
一般 进行 完成
现在 is (am, are ) given is (am, are) being given has (have)been given
过去 was (were) given was (were) being given had been given
将来 will( shall) be given
过去将来 would (should) be given
2. 及物动词或起及物动词作用的动词短语才能有被动语态。
3. 感官动词，祈使动词(make, have, let)的主动语态用不带 "to"的动词不定式做宾语补语。但在被动结构中，作主语补语的动词不定式要带"to"。
We heard someone come up the stairs.
我们听见有人上楼。
Someone was heard to come up the stairs.
听见有人上楼。
4. say, report, think（认为）, know, believe, seem, happen, prove, appear等动词常用被动语态，以带"to"的动词不定式作主语补语。不定式可以用现在时，完成时或进行时。例如：
The building is said to have been destroyed in a fire two years ago.
据说那幢建筑在两年前的一场大火中烧掉了。
The country is known to be rich in natural resources.
据了解这个国家有丰富的自然资源。
5. 一些主动形式表示被动的情况
英语里有些不及物动词（其主语大都指物）可以表示被动意义。这种不及物动词有下列几种：
a）某些系动词，如smell, taste, sound, prove, feel等：
The flowers smell sweet. 这花儿很香。
That sounds very reasonable. 这话听上去很有道理。
b）某些与can't, won't等连用的不及物动词，如move, lock, shut, open等：
It can't move. 它不能动。
The door won't shut. 这门关不上。
c）某些可和well, easily, smoothly等副词连用的不及物动词，如read, write, wash, clean, draw, burn, cook, photograph等：
The poem reads smoothly. 这首诗读起来很流畅。
This kind of rice cooks more quickly than that kind. 这种米做饭比那种熟得快。
d）某些可用于"主 谓 主补"结构中的不及物动词，如：wear, blow等：
The door blew open. 门给吹开了。
n. 音乐会，一致，和谐
vt. 制定计划，通
