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Yeah, well, and I think what's really exciting is that, you know, obviously, I think most people would agree that it would be great to know that tattoo inks are safe (and) being made safely, you know?
嗯，我觉得真正令人兴奋的是，很明显，我觉得大多数人都想知道墨水是安全的，而且它的制造过程也很安全，对吧？
And of course, that's not unique to tattoo inks; cosmetics and supplements have a lot of similar problems that we need to work on.
当然，也不仅仅是纹身墨水；化妆品和补充剂也面临类似的问题，我们也需要努力解决。
But, if we're going to get a better grasp on the chemistry and even the immunology of tattoos, that's not just going to help us make them safer but, you know, potentially improve healing, appearance, longevity.
但是，如果我们想要更好地掌握纹身的化学原理，甚至是免疫学原理，那我们不仅能让纹身更安全，还有可能改善纹身的愈合、外观和持久性。
I mean, I think about that start-up that promised "ephemeral tattoos" that now folks a few years later are coming out and saying, "These tattoos have not gone away," and thinking about how much potential there is for genuine innovation if we can start to answer some of these questions.
我的意思是，我想到了那家承诺提供“临时性纹身”的初创公司，几年后，人们发现，“这些纹身并没有消失”，如果我们能解决这里面的一些问题，那我们有多大可能拥有真正的创新。
One hundred percent agree, and that's often one of the things that I will tell people in the industry: that if we understand the science of tattoos better, right...we can start to think about designing new pigments that might have better colorfastness, less reactivity, less sort of bleeding of the lines, right, over time.
完全同意，我也经常这么跟业内人士说：如果我们能更好地了解纹身的科学原理，就可以开始考虑设计新的颜料，这些颜料可能会有更好的色牢度、更少的反应性、更少的线条渗色，即便过了很久很久，对吧。
But all of those things can only happen if we actually understand tattoos, and we really just don't understand them that well at the moment.
但只有我们真正了解纹身后，才能实现这些事情，但目前我们对它并没有那么了解。
Sure--well, and that's a great segue into talking about your latest study. What did you find?
当然——嗯，这是一个很好的话题，可以谈谈你最近的研究。你们发现了什么？
So our latest work was really focused on looking at commercial tattoo inks in the U.S.
我们最近的工作其实主要集中在美国的商业纹身墨水上。
We looked at 54 inks, and of the 54, 45 had what we consider to be major discrepancies--so these were either unlisted pigments, unlisted additives.
我们研究了54种墨水，其中45种存在我们认为的重大差异——这些差异要么是有未列出的颜料，要么是有未列出的添加剂。
And that was really concerning to us, right?
这确实挺让人担心的，是吧？
You're talking about inks coming from major, global, industry-leading manufacturers all the way down to smaller, more niche inks--that there were problems across the board.
我们谈论的对象，包括大型的、全球性的、行业领先的制造商，也包括规模较小的、更小众的墨水制造商，他们都存在问题。
So we found things like incorrect pigments being listed.
我们发现了一些问题，比如列出的颜料不对。
We found issues of some major allergens being used--these aren't necessarily compounds that are specifically toxic, but to some people they can generate a really pronounced allergic response.
我们发现了使用一些主要过敏原的问题——这些化合物不一定具有某种毒性，但对某些人来说，它们可能会导致非常明显的过敏反应。
And a couple of things: we found an antibiotic that's most commonly used for urinary tract infections.
还有几件事：我们在纹身墨水中发现了一种抗生素，它最常用于治疗尿路感染。
We found a preservative that the FDA has cautioned nursing mothers against, you know, having exposure to--so things that at a minimum, need to be disclosed so that consumers could make informed choices.
还发现了一种防腐剂，美国食品药品监督管理局已经警告哺乳期的母亲要避免接触这种防腐剂，所以制造商至少应该披露这些信息，以便让消费者做出明智的选择。
Yeah, absolutely. And so on that note, you know, given how much we don't know about tattoos...when people ask you..."So what should I do?"
是的，当然。基于这一点，鉴于我们对纹身了解甚少……当人们问你……“那我该怎么办？”
What's your advice on, like, the responsible way to get a tattoo--if that exists?
那你对负责任地做一个纹身，有什么建议--如果存在这种理想状况的话？
So I think the number-one thing is that we know for sure that working with an unskilled artist who's not following good hygiene or that the client isn't following proper aftercare procedures...we know that that is going to cause a problem.
我认为最重要的一点是，我们肯定知道，找一个不遵守良好卫生习惯的不专业的艺术家，或者客户没有遵循适当的后期护理程序……这肯定会导致问题。
And so if somebody's thinking about getting a tattoo, they should be working with an artist who is experienced, who has apprenticed under experienced artists, who is really following best practices in terms of sanitation, aftercare, things like that.
所以，如果有人想纹身，他们应该找一位经验丰富的艺术家，他应该拜过经验丰富的艺术家为师，并且在卫生、后期护理等方面确实遵循了最佳条例。
That's where we know you can have a problem.
这是我们知道可能会存在问题的地方。
Beyond that, I think it's a matter of how comfortable you are with some degree of risk.
除此之外，我觉得就看你能接受多大程度的风险了。
The point I always really want to emphasize is that, you know, our work isn't saying anything about whether tattoos are safe or not.
我一直想强调的一点是，我们的工作并不是在说纹身是否安全。
It's the first step in that process.
这是纹身过程的第一步。
Just because we found some stuff in the inks doesn't mean that you shouldn't get a tattoo or that you have a new risk for skin cancer or something like that....
虽然我们在墨水中发现了一些东西，但这并不意味着你不应该纹身，或者你有患皮肤癌或类似疾病的新风险……
It's that this is the process of how science grows, right--that we have to start understanding the basics and the fundamentals so that we can build the next questions on top of that.
它只是科学发展的过程，对吧——我们必须要开始理解基础知识和基本原理，才能在此基础上进一步提出问题。
And our understanding of tattoos in the body is still at such an early level that we don't really even understand what the risk factors would be, "What should we be looking for?"
我们对人体纹身的理解仍处于非常早期的阶段，我们甚至并不是很了解风险因素会是什么，“我们应该寻找什么？”
So I think it's like with anything in life: if you're comfortable with a degree of risk, then, yeah, go ahead and get the tattoo.
所以我觉得这就像生活中的其他事情一样：如果你可以接受一定程度的风险，那没问题，去做个纹身吧。
People get tattoos for lots of reasons that are important and meaningful and very impactful in a positive way in their life.
人们纹身有很多原因，它们或重要，或有意义，都在以积极的方式影响着人们的生活。
And I think a concern over a hypothetical risk is probably not worth the potential positives of getting a tattoo.
而且我认为，对一种假设风险的担忧，并不能抵消纹身的潜在好处。
