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Eriksen believes the primary responsibility for solving the environmental crisis belongs to businesses and governments.
埃里克森认为，解决环境危机的主要责任在于企业和政府。
Those who produce materials, and those responsible for overseeing it, can act at the scale necessary for real change.
那些生产材料的人，以及那些负责监督材料的人，可以采取必要的大规模行动，实现真正的变革。
“We’re fooling ourselves if we think that individual actions are going to move the meter,” Anna Cummins, co-founder of the 5 Gyres Institute, a non-profit focusing on reducing plastic pollution, recently told the Los Angeles Times.
致力于减少塑料污染的非营利组织“五环流研究所”（5 Gyres Institute）的联合创始人安娜·康明斯最近在接受《洛杉矶时报》采访时表示：“如果我们认为个人行为能改变现状，那我们就是在自欺欺人。”
“Every little bit helps, but public policy and corporations have to change.”
“每个人的微小行动都有帮助，但公共政策和企业必须改变。”
Eriksen believes the overall strategy must involve moving from a “linear economy” to a “circular economy”.
埃里克森认为，整体战略必须包括从“线性经济”转向“循环经济”。
This is a shift from a single-use, throwaway economy, as he wrote in 2017, to a model “with end-of-life design, recovery, and remanufacture systems that keep synthetic materials like plastic in a closed loop”.
正如他在2017年所写的那样，这是一种从一次性、一次性经济向“具有报废设计、回收和再制造系统的模式的转变，这种系统可以将塑料等合成材料控制在一个闭环中”。
Ideally, synthetic materials are increasingly replaced by less environmentally harmful and less wasteful substitutes.
理想情况下，合成材料越来越多地被环境危害较小、浪费较少的替代品所取代。
Businesses can develop innovative packaging and delivery systems, such as returnable and reusable boxes.
企业可以开发创新的包装和运输系统，例如可回收和可重复使用的盒子。
Governments can pass laws that ban certain materials or products, and moderate planned obsolescence – for example, in the US, proposed right to repair legislation would support far more gadgets being repaired instead of replaced.
政府可以通过法律禁止某些材料或产品，并缓和计划报废——例如，在美国，拟议中的维修权立法将支持更多的电子产品被维修，而不是被替换。
In 2020, France passed an anti-waste law that compelled makers of smartphones, washing machines, televisions, laptops and lawnmowers to list their products on a “repairability index”, and banned companies destroying unsold items.
2020年，法国通过了一项反浪费法，迫使智能手机、洗衣机、电视、笔记本电脑和割草机制造商将其产品列入“可修复性指数”，并禁止公司销毁未售出的商品。
Kenya, Rwanda, Uganda and Tanzania have all banned single-use plastic bags, and Kenya recently outlawed all single-use plastics, along with glass and silverware, in national parks.
肯尼亚、卢旺达、乌干达和坦桑尼亚都禁止使用一次性塑料袋，肯尼亚最近禁止在国家公园使用一次性塑料、玻璃和银器。
Legislation in Chile will ban all single-use food and beverage products by 2025. “There is also the zero-waste city model,” Eriksen said.
到2025年，智利将立法禁止所有一次性食品和饮料产品。“还有一种零垃圾城市模式，”埃里克森说。
“We especially see this movement in emerging markets that don’t have space for landfills or funds for incinerators.”
“我们尤其在新兴市场看到了这一趋势，这些市场没有空间建造垃圾填埋场，也没有资金建造焚化厂。”
This strategy involves creating a workforce built around waste sorting, recycling and composting.
这一战略包括建立一支主要负责垃圾分类、回收和堆肥的劳动力队伍。
These ideas, while visionary, have received considerable criticism.
这些想法虽然很有远见，但却受到了相当多的批评。
Some suggest that there is little evidence that industrial societies can make the switch from linear to circular and have the anticipated environmental benefits.
一些人认为，几乎没有证据表明工业社会能够从线性转向循环，并产生预期的环境效益。
From an engineering standpoint, some have suggested that it is impossible to build a truly closed-loop system.
从工程的角度来看，有些人认为不可能建立一个真正的闭环系统。
In industrial production, there will always be times where new materials must be introduced into the system and waste products must exit it.
在工业生产中，总有一些时候必须引进新的材料，同时也必须排出废弃物。
Materials wear down. Machines leak. Some toxins are too dangerous to be recirculated.
材料磨损。机器泄漏。有些毒素太危险，无法循环使用。
Additionally, when one study looked at circular economies – not just the industrial mechanisms to create closed-loop systems – there was a paradoxical increase in overall production.
此外，当一项研究着眼于循环经济——而不仅仅是创造闭环系统的工业机制——时，总体产量会出现矛盾式的增长。
The reason is that precisely because circular production decreases per-unit production costs, there is an increase in demand for the cheaper stuff, which ultimately increases production and reduces the intended environmental benefits of a circular economy.
究其原因，正是因为循环生产降低了单位生产成本，市场对廉价产品的需求就会增加，这最终会导致产量增加，进而降低循环经济预期的环境效益。
In other cases, the savings in efficiencies are offset by consumer choices about what to do with those potential savings.
在其他情况下，效率方面的节省被消费者选择应对这些潜在的节省的方式给抵消掉了。
For example, in recent years, there have been leaps forward in fuel efficiency in cars, but those savings in fuel have been offset by the increase in car size.
例如，近年来，汽车的燃油效率有了突飞猛进的提高，但这些节省的燃油却被汽车尺寸的增加所抵消。
The study found that steps can be taken to mitigate this “circular-economy rebound”, but that they are incongruous with the goals of for-profit companies.
研究发现，可以采取措施缓解这种“循环经济反弹”，但这些措施与营利性公司的目标不一致。
