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War crimes against medics. As a way to alleviate some of the horrors of combat, social convention and international law make some individuals on the battlefield off limits to deliberate targeting.
针对医务人员的战争罪行。为了减轻战争的恐怖，社会惯例和国际法禁止在战场上故意攻击某些个人。
Very often, however, in the heat of battle, these conventions are ignored and those who should be off limits are intentionally targeted.
然而，在激烈的战斗中，这些惯例常常被忽视，那些本应不被攻击的人却被故意攻击。
Rules and customs of war date back centuries. By the 18th century, the majority of the officer class in an army would be made up of the aristocracy, men of wealth and privilege.
战争规则和惯例可以追溯到几个世纪以前。到18世纪，军队中的大多数军官阶层都是贵族，有钱有势的人。
These individuals would often attempt to conduct war in a gentlemanly fashion. One of these involved the treatment of enemy officers in battle.
这些人经常试图以绅士风度的方式作战。其中之一就是在战斗中对待敌方军官。
The deliberate shooting of officers was considered barbaric and to be avoided.
故意射击军官是野蛮行为，应避免。
During the American Revolution, while it was never official policy to target officers, the Continental Army did create a unit of Sharpshooters,
在美国独立战争期间，虽然官方从未将军官作为目标，但大陆军确实组建了一支神枪手部队，
who made use of highly accurate long-range rifles, giving them the ability to pick specific targets, as opposed to their regular army counterparts, who were armed with much less accurate smooth-bore muskets.
他们使用高精度远程步枪，能够选择特定目标，而正规军则装备精度低得多的滑膛枪。
Under the command of frontiersman Daniel Morgan, these rifles played a decisive role at the Battle of Saratoga in 1777.
在边疆人丹尼尔·摩根的指挥下，这些步枪在1777年的萨拉托加战役中发挥了决定性作用。
According to legend, one of his men Timothy Murphy under Morgan's orders deliberately shot and killed British General Simon Fraser.
据传说，摩根的一名手下蒂莫西·墨菲(Timothy Murphy)在摩根的命令下故意射杀了英国将军西蒙·弗雷泽（Simon Fraser）。
Morgan's other men also targeted other officers and artillerymen, throwing the British advance into confusion, allowing the Continental Army to win the battle.
摩根的其他手下还瞄准了其他军官和炮兵，使英国的进攻陷入混乱，使大陆军赢得了战斗。
Exactly what did happen is a bit vague but Fraser and the other officers were definitely targeted by American Sharpshooters, giving the Continental Army a decisive advantage.
具体发生了什么尚不清楚，但弗雷泽和其他军官肯定是美国神枪手部队的目标，这让大陆军获得了决定性的优势。
While there was never an official policy to target such individuals, those with the means to do so were more than willing to seek out officers for special attention, no matter how barbaric it may seem.
虽然从来没有针对这类人的官方政策，但那些有办法的人非常愿意针对军官，无论这看起来多么野蛮。
Over the years, restrictions on targets were formalized into official treaties.
多年来，对目标的限制已正式成为官方条约。
One of the most prominent of these restrictions is the prohibition of medics and medical personnel as legitimate targets.
其中最突出的限制之一是禁止将医生和医务人员作为合法目标。
Some nations, however, not only refused to acknowledge these international guidelines, but also made the deliberate targeting of medics a standard tactic to be used by their armed forces.
然而，一些国家不仅拒绝承认这些国际准则，还将蓄意攻击医务人员作为其武装部队使用的标准战术。
Two treaties that govern the conduct of soldiers on the battlefield are the Hague Convention and the Geneva Convention.
两项规范战场士兵行为的条约是《海牙公约》和《日内瓦公约》。
The latter is a series of agreements dating back to 1864, which govern the conduct of soldiers on the battlefield. It was updated in 1906, 1929, and most recently in 1947.
后者是一系列可追溯到1864年的协议，规范战场士兵的行为。它于1906年、1929年进行了更新，最近一次是在1947年。
Though additions have been made and the exact wording of the treaty has changed over the years,
尽管多年来条约有所补充，其确切措辞也发生了变化，
any deliberate attack on a medic or medical personnel or any unnecessary hindrance in the performance of their duties is considered a war crime and can be prosecuted accordingly.
但任何蓄意攻击医务人员或不必要地妨碍他们履行职责的行为都被视为战争罪，并可据此受到起诉。
Furthermore, medics are not to be taken as prisoners of war. Should one be captured, he should be returned to friendly lines as soon as practical.
此外，医务人员不得被当作战俘。如果被俘，应尽快将其送回友军阵线。
And no distinction is to be made between military medical staff and civilians.
并且不得区分军事医务人员和平民。
Temporary auxiliary medical personnel such as stretcher bearers and those who transported wounded or sick soldiers are also considered non-combatants while performing their duties and given the same consideration as designated medics.
担架员和运送伤病士兵的临时辅助医务人员在执行任务时也被视为非战斗人员，并给予与指定医务人员相同的待遇。
Medics are allowed to carry weapons for personal protection or to defend the wounded under their care without forfeiting their status as a non-combatant.
医务人员可以携带武器进行个人保护或保护他们照顾的伤员，而不会丧失其非战斗人员身份。
However, should the medic engage in offensive combat alongside other soldiers, he would forfeit his immunity and be treated like any other soldier.
但是，如果医务人员与其他士兵一起参与进攻性战斗，他将丧失豁免权，并受到与其他士兵一样的待遇。
For the most part during World War II, medics did not carry weapons, though there were some exceptions.
在第二次世界大战期间，大多数医务人员不携带武器，但也有一些例外。
To ensure these personnel are easily identified to ensure their protected status, many nations would mark them with special symbols, most often a red cross on a white background.
为了确保这些人员易于识别以确保其受保护状态，许多国家会用特殊符号标记他们，通常是白底红十字。
This symbol would be displayed on tents, vehicles as well as helmets and armbands as a quick visual reminder of the special status of the bearer.
这个符号将显示在帐篷、车辆以及头盔和臂章上，以快速直观地提醒携带者的特殊地位。
During World War II, most major powers were signatories of the conventions, including the United States, Great Britain, and Germany.
在二战期间，大多数主要大国都是公约的签署国，包括美国、英国和德国。
By and large, these nations respected medics and avoided deliberately shooting them while they tended to the wounded. there were some exceptions to this.
总体而言，这些国家尊重医务人员，避免在他们照顾伤员时故意射击他们。但也有一些例外。
For example, some SS units would intentionally wound enemy soldiers.
例如，一些党卫军部队会故意伤害敌方士兵。
When medical aid arrived on the scene to treat the casualty, the SS soldier would fire on the medic, hopefully killing him.
当医疗救援人员到达现场治疗伤员时，党卫军士兵会向医务人员开枪，希望杀死他。
