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It's a scene you see in several cities in the United States outside of a Home Depot or at Lowe's or at U-Haul - migrants looking for day labor. I'm here with our INDICATOR fellow, Carlos Garcia. Welcome, Carlos.
这是你在美国几个城市的家得宝公司、劳氏公司或U-Haul外面看到的场景——移民在寻找临时工工作。我和我们的INDICATOR研究员Carlos Garcia一起来到这里。欢迎Carlos。
Thanks, Darian. As you know, a few weeks ago, you and I went to a Home Depot in Brooklyn, N.Y. We saw dozens of migrants gathered outside of every parking lot exit, waving at cars, looking for work. I wanted to talk to one of them.
谢谢，Darian。如你所知，几周前，你和我去了纽约布鲁克林的一家家得宝。我们看到数十名移民聚集在每个停车场出口外，向汽车挥手，寻找工作。我想和其中一位谈谈。
That's Ibrahim (ph), a 34-year-old asylum-seeker from Guinea. He told me in French that the probability of getting day labor is small, but it's his only hope to find work without a work permit.
那是来自几内亚的34岁难民Ibrahim(ph)。他用法语告诉我，获得临时工作的可能性很小，但这是他没有工作许可就能找到工作的唯一希望。
We're just using his first name so that he could talk freely about working in the U.S. without authorization. He said that he fled Guinea because he suffered political persecution there.
我们只是用他的名字，这样他就可以自由谈论未经授权在美国工作。他说他逃离几内亚是因为他在那里遭受了政治迫害。
He says he applied for asylum. Like many asylum-seekers, Ibrahim came to the U.S. to rebuild his life and start working, but he can't work legally.
他说他申请了庇护。和许多寻求庇护者一样，Ibrahim来到美国重启人生并开始工作，但他无法合法工作。
He had to apply for a work permit through asylum. He got to New York nine months ago, and he is still waiting for the work permit to come through.
他必须通过庇护申请工作许可。他九个月前到达纽约，现在仍在等待工作许可。
This is THE INDICATOR FROM PLANET MONEY. I'm Darian Woods. And I'm Carlos Garcia.
这里是THE INDICATOR FROM PLANET MONEY。我是Darian Woods。我是Carlos Garcia。
A lot of the debate right now is about illegal immigration. Today on the show, we're homing in on one aspect of what's happening - people legally seeking asylum.
目前很多争论都与非法移民有关。今天在节目中，我们将关注正在发生的一个方面——合法寻求庇护的人。
We'll explain the complicated and lengthy process of applying for a work permit as an asylum-seeker. Why does it take so long, and what supports are in place during that process?
我们将解释作为寻求庇护者申请工作许可的复杂而漫长的过程。为什么需要这么长时间，以及在此过程中有哪些支持？
There were hundreds of thousands of asylum applications filed last year. People come to the U.S. from countries all over the world - Colombia, Ecuador, Senegal and China.
去年提交了数十万份庇护申请。人们从世界各地来到美国，比如哥伦比亚、厄瓜多尔、塞内加尔和中国。
Twenty-eight-year-old Alejandro (ph) came from Venezuela. We met him outside of The Roosevelt Hotel in Midtown Manhattan. That's the main intake center for migrants in New York City.
28岁的Alejandro来自委内瑞拉。我们在曼哈顿中城的罗斯福酒店外面见到了他。那里是纽约市移民的主要接收中心。
He sat down with us to tell us his story. And, again, we're just using his first name so he can talk freely about working in the U.S. without a work permit.
他坐下来和我们讲述他的故事。我们再次使用他的名字，这样他就可以自由谈论在没有工作许可的情况下在美国工作的情况。
He says that in Venezuela, he owned a barbershop, which was also a beauty salon. He says he was also part of a group that opposed the government, and he received a lot of threats.
他说他在委内瑞拉拥有一家理发店，同时也是一家美容院。他说他还是反政府团体的成员，他受到了很多威胁。
He says the government worked with criminals in his hometown of Valencia and that if he didn't pay the government off, they'd threaten to come after him and his business.
他说政府与他家乡瓦伦西亚的罪犯合作，如果他不向政府付钱，他们就会步步紧逼，威胁他和他的生意。
He decided to leave Venezuela. He left behind his wife and his then 5-year-old son. He only had enough money to get himself out of the country, but his goal was to earn enough money in the U.S. to eventually get his family out too.
他决定离开委内瑞拉。他留下了妻子和当时5岁的儿子。他身上只有足够的钱让自己离开这个国家，但他的目标是在美国赚到足够的钱，最终让家人也离开。
He crossed seven borders from Venezuela to Mexico. He then crossed the U.S. border in El Paso to apply for asylum.
他从委内瑞拉跨越了七条边境到达墨西哥。然后越过埃尔帕索的美国边境申请庇护。
Crossing the border at a port of entry to apply for asylum is legal. The right to seek asylum was incorporated into international law after World War II and into U.S. law in 1980.
在入境口岸越过边境申请庇护是合法的。寻求庇护的权利在二战后被纳入国际法，并于1980年被纳入美国法律。
From the time people cross the border, it can take years for their asylum application to be determined.
从人们越过边境开始，他们的庇护申请可能需要数年时间才能确定。
The deadline to submit an asylum application is one year after you cross the border. People often apply right before that 12-month deadline because they need that time to build a case in court.
提交庇护申请的截止日期是越过边境一年后。人们通常在12个月的截止日期之前申请，因为他们需要这段时间在法庭上立案。
They must prove that they suffered persecution or fear persecution in their home country.
他们必须证明他们在祖国遭受迫害或害怕受到迫害。
Once people have applied for asylum, they must wait six more months before they're eligible to get a work permit. But getting a work permit does not mean that you've been granted asylum.
一旦人们申请了庇护，他们必须再等待六个月才有资格获得工作许可。但获得工作许可并不意味着已获得庇护。
On average, it takes the courts about a year and a half to determine an asylum case.
平均而言，法院需要大约一年半的时间来裁定庇护案件。
David Dyssegaard Kallick directs the Immigration Research Initiative. And he says that there are a number of reasons why it's a long process.
大卫·迪塞加德·卡利克(David Dyssegaard Kallick)是移民研究计划的负责人。他说，这个过程之所以漫长，有很多原因。
There are not enough immigration judges, and at the same time, there's been a rise in asylum applications. Restrictions during the pandemic created a pent-up demand, which hasn't helped.
移民法官人手不足，同时，庇护申请数量也有所增加。疫情期间的限制措施导致需求被压抑，这对解决问题毫无帮助。
There's also, I think, political turmoil in places like Venezuela and in parts of Africa and in parts of Asia that have been unusual and happen to be converging around this moment of coming and being - and seeking asylum.
我认为，委内瑞拉、非洲部分地区和亚洲部分地区也出现了不同寻常的政治动荡，而这些动荡恰好集中在人们前来寻求庇护的时刻。
He says there's also been no meaningful immigration reform since the 1990s. Alejandro crossed the border about two years ago.
他说，自20世纪90年代以来，移民改革一直没有取得任何实质性进展。Alejandro大约两年前越过边境。
He says he turned himself into U.S. officials as an asylum-seeker, and immigration took him to a place where there was a bus going to New York.
他说，他以寻求庇护者的身份向美国官员自首，移民局将他带到了一个有前往纽约的巴士的地方。
That bus was organized by Texas Governor Greg Abbott, who explained his reasoning on ABC News.
那辆巴士是由得克萨斯州州长格雷格·阿博特组织的，他在ABC新闻上解释了理由。
Before we began busing illegal immigrants up to New York, it was just Texas and Arizona that bore the brunt of all of the chaos and all the problems that come with it. Now the rest of America is understanding exactly what is going on.
在我们开始用巴士将非法移民送到纽约之前，只有得克萨斯州和亚利桑那州承受了所有混乱和随之而来的所有问题。现在，美国其他地区正在确切地了解正在发生的事情。
Alejandro was one of over 37,000 migrants that the governor sent to New York between August 2022 and January 2024.
该州长在2022年8月至2024年1月期间送往纽约共37000多名移民，Alejandro是其中之一。
There are currently just under 65,000 migrants in New York City's shelter system, including Alejandro.
目前，纽约市的庇护系统中有近65000名移民，Alejandro也包括在内。
The city is projected to pay nearly $4 billion in emergency spending for asylum-seekers this fiscal year. It's opened more than 200 emergency shelters for asylum-seekers.
预计本财政年度，纽约市将为寻求庇护者支付近40亿美元的紧急支出。纽约市已为寻求庇护者开设了200多个紧急避难所。
Some shelters are former hotels, jails or schools that have been repurposed, and others are large tent-like structures.
一些避难所是经过改造的酒店、监狱或学校，还有一些是大型帐篷式建筑。
Alejandro lives in a converted hotel where he also gets three meals a day, although there have been a number of reports that the food in the shelter system is unhealthy and even rotten at times.
Alejandro住在一家改建的酒店里，他每天在那里吃三顿饭，尽管有许多报道称，庇护所系统的食物不健康，有时甚至腐烂。
Right now, the city is experimenting with providing some migrants debit cards so that they can more easily access their own food.
目前，该市正在试验为一些移民提供借记卡，以便他们更容易获得食物。
But Alejandro says he wanted to work to be able to provide for himself and his family.
但Alejandro说，他想工作，以便养活自己和家人。
And he found luck very early on in his quest to find a work permit. His very first day in New York, he met two immigration advocates at the bus station.
他在寻求工作许可的早期就碰上了好运。他在纽约的第一天，在公交车站遇到了两位移民支持者。
They worked with him for about a year and connected him with the legal services he needed.
他们与他一起工作了大约一年，并为他联系了他需要的法律服务。
He says they've been like his family since he got to this country. With their help, Alejandro submitted his asylum application just before the one-year deadline.
他说，自从他来到这个国家，他们就像他的家人一样。在他们的帮助下，Alejandro在一年的期限前提交了庇护申请。
Then he had to wait six more months to be eligible to get a work permit. During that time, he worked under the table.
然后，他不得不再等六个月才有资格获得工作许可。在那段时间里，他一直在暗中工作。
He says he would go to restaurants, construction sites, anywhere people could be looking for workers. He would ask for a day of work, a few hours, anything they could offer.
他说他会去餐馆、建筑工地，任何人们可能需要工人的地方。他会要求一天的工作，几个小时的工作，任何他们能提供的工作。
Sometimes he would go early in the morning, spend the whole day and have no luck finding work.
有时他会一大早就去，花一整天的时间，却找不到工作。
Then in January 2024, almost a year and a half after he arrived in New York, he got his work authorization.
然后在2024年1月，也就是他抵达纽约近一年半后，他获得了工作许可。
Now he works 40 hours a week cleaning the floors of a New York City hospital. He makes $22 an hour.
现在，他每周工作40小时，打扫纽约市一家医院的地板，每小时挣22美元。
When he found stable, legal work, he earned enough money to get his wife and son out of Venezuela.
当他找到稳定、合法的工作时，他赚的钱足以让妻儿离开委内瑞拉。
They followed his path, crossing borders from Colombia to Mexico and then into Texas. They arrived in New York earlier this year, where they joined Alejandro in the shelter system.
他们追随他的脚步，从哥伦比亚跨越边境到墨西哥，然后进入得克萨斯州。他们今年早些时候抵达纽约，与Alejandro一起进入庇护系统。
That shelter system is struggling, though. Unlike other big U.S. cities, New York has long guaranteed a bed to anyone who needed one.
然而，庇护系统举步维艰。与其他美国大城市不同，纽约长期以来一直保证为任何需要的人提供床位。
But in March, citing overcrowding with the constant arrival of migrants, the city began limiting migrant stays in shelters to 30 days for single adults.
但今年3月，由于移民不断涌入导致过度拥挤，该市开始限制单身成年人在庇护所的逗留时间，限制为30天。
That limit does not apply to migrant families with children, so Alejandro and his family are able to stay in the shelter system for now.
这一限制不适用于有孩子的移民家庭，因此Alejandro及其家人目前可以留在庇护系统中。
Alejandro says once his wife gets her work authorization, they hope to have enough money to rent their own place. We asked him what his aspirations are for the future.
Alejandro说，一旦他的妻子获得工作许可，他们希望有足够的钱租房子。我们问他对未来有什么期望。
He says he wants to stay and give his son a better future. He wants to give him what was taken from him in his country. He wants to work and get ahead in life.
他说他想留下来，给儿子一个更好的未来。他想把在他国家被夺走的东西还给他。他想工作，在生活中取得成功。
Last month, President Biden announced a new executive order. It bars most migrants who cross into the U.S. illegally from seeking asylum.
上个月，拜登总统宣布了一项新的行政命令，禁止大多数非法进入美国的移民寻求庇护。
It goes into effect when encounters exceed 2,500 over a seven-day average. The order also called our immigration and asylum system broken and outdated and called on Congress to enact new immigration laws.
当七天内平均接触人数超过2500人时，该命令就会生效。该命令还称我们的移民和庇护制度已经崩溃和过时，并呼吁国会颁布新的移民法。
