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Hi, welcome back. Today, we are going to do a lesson on prefixes.
欢迎回来。今天，我们来学习一些前缀。
Prefixes are little words that you stick at the beginning of other words to change the meaning.
前缀是一些小单词，你可以把它放在其他单词的开头来改变其意思。
Think of it as adding a different color light bulb into a room, yep.
可以把它想象成在房间里放一个不同颜色的灯泡。
The word exists, but then you're going to change the hue, the light.
首先有一个词，然后你要改变它的颜色，光线。
As an example, we have the verb "do". But, if I redo, then I do it again, yep.
举一个例子，我们有“do”这个动词。但是，如果我重做的话，意思就是再做一次。
I'm actually redoing this video, because the first time, I got it all wrong. So, it's a retake. I'm redoing it.
实际上我在重录这期视频，因为第一次我没有录好。所以，这是一次重新录制。我在重录这期视频。
Very useful to be able to know prefixes, because your vocabulary will be able to expand
知道前缀非常有用，因为你的词汇量会扩大
and you'll be able to form new words from knowing how these prefixes work.
你将能够通过了解这些前缀的工作原理来形成新单词。
So, a prefix, two, three letters at the beginning of the word.
一个前缀，就是在单词的开头的两个、三个字母。
And you can also have a suffix, which is at the end of a word. But that is for another lesson. Okay.
你也可以有一个后缀，它是在一个单词的末尾。但这是另一课讲的内容了。
So, vocab building is what we're looking at today, through prefixes.
通过前缀构造词汇就是我们今天要讲的内容。
These are four ones. Down, yep. To lower. De, meaning out of, or the opposite of. Up, yep.
这里有四个。Down，意思是降低。De，意思是缺乏，或者相反。还有Up。
Re, meaning like, to go back. Now, we have four verbs up here. Date. We know this, like to go on a date.
Re，意思是回去。这里有四个动词。Date，我们知道这个，去参加一次约会。
A particular date in the calendar, yeah. It's a chosen day or time where you're going to do something.
日历上某一个日期。你选择这一天来做一些事情。
Launch, the rocket launches up into the sky. But you can also launch a business, meaning to start it.
Launch，发射火箭升空。你也可以开启一个事业，意思是开始一项事业。
Centralize. Say you have a company that has offices all over the country.
集中。假设你有一家公司，在全国各地都有办事处。
If you centralize operations, then you have somewhere in the middle,
如果你集中经营，那么你就会在中间的某个地方，
in the center, everything is going to be organized from.
在中心，一切都将被组织起来。
Size, yep. Big, small. Okay. So, size is normally a noun rather than a verb.
Size。大或小的尺寸。“Size”通常用作一个名词，而不是动词。
But, put together with a prefix, then it turns into a verb.
但是，给它加一个前缀，它就会变成一个动词。
So, what I want you to do, because when we're learning, sometimes we need to be doing things,
大家需要做一些事情，在我们学习时，有时我们需要做一些事情，
yep, is to try and work out which of these goes with which prefix.
就是尝试搞清楚哪个单词要和哪个前缀搭配。
Can you figure that out? So, why don't you start with "date"?
你能搞清楚吗？我们就以“date”开始吧。
Would that go with downdate? To downdate something - to lower the date? It doesn't really work.
是组成“downdate”这个单词吗？降低日期？这说不通。
Dedate. It's quite a funny sound, d, d, d, strong d's, dedate.
“Dedate”。发音很有趣。重音在“d”上，dedate。
No, so de, meaning kind of out of or to lower or the opposite, no.
这也不行。所以“de”，意思是缺乏，降低，或者相反。
Up, meaning to get higher. Well, this does actually go together, yep. Update.
“up”是更高。它们可以组成单词。“update”。
So, if you update, you are renewing it. You're making it new.
如果你更新的话，你就是在更新它。你让它更新。
So, the date is getting it's - it's like it's getting better. The date is improving, yep.
它在变得，它在变得更好。它在提升。
An unusual combination, but it does work. To redate something. No, you don't redate something. You can rebook something.
一个不寻常的组合，但是这是可以组合的。“redate”某事。不，你不能“redate”某事。你可以重新预约某事。
So, if you missed an appointment, you might say, "I'm so sorry, can I rebook?". It means to choose another appointment.
如果你错过了一个约会，你可以说，“我很抱歉，我可以重新预约吗？”意思是再次预约。
Not redate. Launch. Downlaunch? Seems a bit kind of - a bit too confusing.
不是“redate”。“launch”。“Downlaunch”似乎有些令人困惑。
Delaunch something. We're about to open, but then we don't open.
“Delaunch”某事。我们要开张了，但是我们后来没有开张。
No. We talk about cancelling, not delaunching. Uplaunch, yeah.
不行。我们谈论的是取消，不是“delaunching”。“uplaunch”。
But kind of, if you're launching, you're already going up. Relaunch, so you're going to do it again.
如果你发起某事，你就已经在上升了。“Relaunch”，你要再做一次。
We're going to relaunch the business on the first of May.
我们打算在5月1日重新启动这项业务。
First time, it wasn't that great, so we're going to do a bigger, better one.
第一次，它不是很好，所以我们要做一个更大更好的。
Centralize. Downcenter - I can't even imagine what that means, so no.
集中。“Downcenter”，我甚至想象不到那是什么意思，所以不行。
Decentralize. So, de, meaning kind of out of, the opposite, yes.
使分散。“de”意思是，缺乏，相反。
So, we're in the center, but then we're going to go a different way, we're going to go out.
我们在中心，但是我们要走另一条路，我们要走出去。
So, in Britain, the railways were centralized, but then under Margaret Thatcher, lots of the industries were decentralized.
在英国，铁路是中央集权的，但在玛格丽特·撒切尔的统治下，许多行业都是分散管理的。
So, if something is centralized, it often means it's being run by the government.
如果某个东西是中央集权的，这通常意味着它由政府运行。
So, when the railways were decentralized, instead of British Rail,
如果铁路是分散管理的，不是英国铁路公司，
we have all these different companies who are then controlling a particular section of the railway network.
而是不同的公司控制着铁路网络的某一部分。
Size. Down - downsize, yep. So, it's big but now we're making it smaller.
“Size”。“Downsize”。它很大，我们要把它变小一点。
And that's the only one that can work with that. Lots of people, when they retire, downsize.
这是唯一一个可以和它组合的词。很多人，在他们退休后，减小。
So, that means they're in a nice, big house and then they are going into a smaller one.
意思是，他们生活在一个很棒的大房子里，然后他们要搬进一个小点的房子里。
Yeah. Just thinking, resize. If you resize, then you are changing the size that you have of something.
思考一下。“resize”。如果你调整尺寸，意思是你要改变某物的尺寸。
Maybe you've got a dress and you want to resize it. You're going to change the measurements.
或许你有一个裙子，你想调整其尺寸。你要改变它的尺寸。
Okay, what we're going to do now is we're going to look at other examples for each of these prefixes.
我们现在要做的是，我们要看看这些前缀的其他例子。
