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"Grenade", we spoke about. Then, there's "sanctions". Now, "sanctions" are not a physical weapon.
手榴弹，我们说过了。还有“制裁”。制裁不是一种有形的武器。
Sanctions are what a government can do to another government to hurt it.
制裁是一个政府为伤害另一个政府而做的事情。
Okay? So for example, if you go to the U.N.'s Security Council and you say, "These people are behaving bad.
比如，如果你对联合国安理会说，“这些人的行为很糟糕。
We want to stop all their banks from making trades.
我们想阻止他们所有的银行进行交易。
We want to not allow them to export their oil or their gas or their fruit or their -- whatever they have." So "sanctions" are restrictions.
我们不想让他们出口他们的石油或天然气，或者他们的水果，他们所有的东西。”所以制裁就是限制。
And this is an economic weapon. It's not a physical weapon. You can't see it. You can't touch it.
这是一种经济武器。它不是有形武器。你看不到它，摸不到它。
But it could be very devastating. It could do a lot of damage. So now, I have a few more random vocabulary words for you.
但是它可能是毁灭性的。它能带来很多伤害。下面我来随机讲一些词汇。
Again you're going to hear a lot about these in the news. A "ceasefire" basically means "cease fire", "stop shooting".
你在新闻中会经常听到这些词汇。“ceasefire”意思就是停火。停止射击。
So a "ceasefire" means everybody just stops shooting. Just relax. Wait a second.
停火就是大家都停止射击。放轻松，暂停一下。
A "truce" means a long ceasefire. It means you stop shooting for a long time, and maybe you're going to start talking.
“truce”意思是长时间停火。意思是长时间停止射击，或许你们要开始谈话。
Then, if you make an agreement, you sign a treaty. A "treaty" is like a contract, but it's between countries.
如果你们达成协议，你们要签订条约。条约就像一个合同，但是它是国家之间签订的。
Peace treaty, trade treaty, etc. "UNSC" -- "United Nations Security Council". Okay.
和平条约，贸易条约，等等。“UNSC”--“联合国安理会”。
"Boot camp" -- when these guys join -- the privates, they join the army; they join the Marine Corps, for example -- they go to boot camp.
“新兵训练营”--当这些人加入——列兵，他们加入陆军；比如他们加入海军陆战队，他们要去新兵训练营。
This is where they get trained. Now, this word is used often these days for exercise.
这是他们受训的地方。现在人们运动时经常使用这个词。
For example, a yoga boot camp, a Pilates boot camp -- it means you come; we exercise like crazy and lose pounds and again muscle and everybody's happy.
比如，一个瑜伽训练营，一个普拉提训练营。意思是你来了。我们疯狂地锻炼，减掉了体重，练出了肌肉，每个人都很高兴。
In the army, just training to go fight. The person who trains you is called a "drill sergeant".
在军队中，他们训练就是为了战斗。训练你的人叫做“操练军士”。
So it's the same, "sergeant", but a very specific one. He trains you. He's the trainer.
还是军士，但是是非常特别的一个。他训练你，他是训练员。
"Troops" -- these are all troops. All soldiers are called "troops".
士兵，这些都是士兵。所有的军人都是士兵。
Okay? But if you're not in a regular army, then, there are different words to talk about you as a non-regular army person.
都是如果你不是正规军的话，有几个不同的词可描述非正规军人。
Let's see some more words. Okay. So we have a few more words here to look at. I've got my black pen back by magic, somehow.
我们再来看一些单词。我们有还有一些单词要讲。不知怎地，我用魔法找回了我的黑笔。
A few things -- a few people that you need to know in the military besides troops.
在军事中，除了军队外，你还需要知道的一些事情，一些人。
"Guerilla" -- "guerillas" are basically soldiers who are not part of a regular army.
“游击队员”是不属于正规军的军人。
They're actually the same as "militants". You can call them "guerillas"; you can call them "militants".
意思和“militants”差不多。你可以叫他们“guerillas”，也可以叫他们“militants”。
It's "guerilla warfare", which means you're not fighting by the standard rules of engagement, by the standard rules of war.
游击战，意思是你并非按照交战的标准规则，按照战争的标准规则作战。
Guerillas don't have rules. They do what they need to do to win, and the same with militants.
游击战没有规则。他们做他们需要做的事来取胜。武装分子也是一样。
The group of militants is called a "militia". Okay. That's just the group. Now, of course you have -- in a war, you have an enemy.
武装分子的群体叫做民兵组织。这只是这个群体。当然，在战争中有军队。
But you also have an "ally" or "allies" if you have more than one. Now, and then you have a "coalition".
但是你也可以有盟友，多于一个盟友就叫做“allies”。还有“联盟”。
When you create a group -- of nations, especially -- or groups that join together for a common fight, that is a "coalition".
当你创建一个群体——特别是国家——或者为了共同的战斗而联合在一起的群体，这就是“联盟”。
So you hear a lot about that in the news as well. Now, you're going to hear about "battle".
你也经常在新闻中听到它。现在，你将要听到的是“battle”。
You're going to hear "conflict". And you're going to hear "war". A "war" is made up of many battles.
你会听到“conflict”。你会听到“war”。一场“战争”是由许多战役组成的。
You have a little battle here; you have a little battle here; you have a little battle here; and together, you have a war.
你在这里进行一场战役，在这里进行一场战役，它们加在一起，就是一场战争。
Now, a lot of times, you're going to hear about a "conflict". Technically, a "conflict" is a polite word for "war".
很多时候，你会听到一场“冲突”。严格来说，冲突就是战争的礼貌说法。
The reason they use "conflict" and not "war" is because of the legal system.
他们使用冲突而不是战争的原因是因为法律制度。
If you say "war", there are different laws that apply.
如果说的是战争，有不同的适用的法律。
If you say "conflict", it just means you're having a little bit of trouble with your neighbor.
如果说的是冲突，只意味着你和你的邻居有一些小摩擦。
You're bombing them. They're bombing you. But it's just a conflict.
你向他们丢炸弹，他们炸你。但是它只是一场冲突。
You know, you'll make up soon; you'll be friends soon. So it's a polite way to say "war" without the legal obligations.
你们很快就能和好，很快就能成为朋友。所以这是一种没有法律义务的“战争”的礼貌说法。
Now, when you talk about war, again, you have an "offensive". An "offensive" is when you attack.
谈论战争时，还会说到攻击。攻击就是进攻。
A "counter-offensive" is when the other side attacks back.
反击就是另一方回击。
So you start an offensive; you start to attack; you're trying to advance on your enemy's territory.
你开始攻击，你开始进攻。你试图进入敌人的领地。
They're counter-attacking, trying to "repel" you, to push you back.
他们在反击，想击退你们。
Now, if you have an "incursion", it means you've entered the enemy's territory; you were able to get inside. "Incursion" means get inside.
如果你侵入的话，意思是你进到敌人的领地，你进到了里面。侵入就是进到里面。
Now, if you go in and you're able to destroy a lot and kill a lot of people, then, we call this situation an "onslaught".
如果你进去，你可以摧毁和杀死很多人，我们称这种情况为“猛攻”。
You're advancing and killing and destroying as you go. Again, none of this is good stuff, but it's in the news.
你一边前进，一边杀戮，一边破坏。再说一次，这些都不是好事情，但都出现在新闻上。
You probably need to know what they're talking about. You might hear this expression often: "boots on the ground" or "ground forces".
你可能需要知道他们在说什么。你可能经常听到这个表达：“地面部队”或者“ground forces”。
Most wars these days -- we're very technologically advanced, so most wars are from the sky and from computers.
当今的大多数战争--现在我们的科技非常先进，多数战争都是空战，由计算机控制。
But if you send soldiers into a territory, then, you are putting boots -- like, boots, shoes -- on the ground, soldiers.
如果你派士兵进入一个地区，然后，你就是把靴子，鞋放在地面上。
Boots on the ground -- soldiers. Ground forces -- soldiers, walking in, guns, knives, RPGs, whatever it takes.
地面部队，士兵。地面部队——士兵，冲进去，枪，刀，火箭筒，不惜一切代价。
There you go. If you need to talk about war or about the military you have some vocabulary now.
就是这些。如果你想讨论战争或者军事的话，现在你知道了一些相关词汇了。
You can always go to www.engvid.com and do the quiz. Make sure you understand all these words.
你可以登录网站，去做测验。确保你理解所有这些词汇。
If you have any questions, please ask in the comments section. Please do not bring politics into the comments section.
如果你有任何问题，请在评论区提问。不要在评论区讨论政治内容。
This is about English and only English. We don't need to make any comments about anything.
这里就是学英语的地方。我们不需要评论任何东西。
Ask your English questions. Help each other with the English, and everybody will be okay.
提问有关英语的问题。大家互帮互助学英语，大家都会好的。
You can read newspapers. Watch CNN if that's what gets you going. And it's all good. Okay. I'll see you again soon.
你可以读报纸。如果你想看CNN的话就去看吧。都很好。我很快会和大家再见。
