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Hey there! Welcome to Life Noggin. Today we're going to talk about a highly requested and very important topic.
大家好！欢迎来到打脑洞开的生命奇想。今天我们来谈论一个很多人想让我们谈的，非常重要的话题。
And that topic is HIV and AIDS. Human immunodeficiency virus or HIV is one of the incurable STI or Sexually Transmitted Infection.
这个话题就是人体免疫缺陷病毒和艾滋病。人体免疫缺陷病毒(HIV)是一种不可治愈的性传播感染。
While some of these STIs are easy to treat once identified, others like HIV have no cure. Once you're infected, you have the virus for life.
其中一些性传播感染一旦被发现就很容易治疗，而其他的如艾滋病毒则无法治愈。一旦你被感染，病毒就会伴随你一生。
That's why it's so incredibly important to practice safe sex in order to avoid contracting sexually transmitted infections.
这就是为什么为了避免感染性传播疾病，进行安全的性行为是如此的重要。
An HIV test is a simple way to see if you have been infected with the virus - but more on that later.
艾滋病毒测试是一种简单的方法来检测你是否感染了病毒-但后面还有更多。
First, let's take a look at how HIV works.
首先，我们来看看人体免疫缺陷病毒是如何运作的。
It is passed from one person to another through blood, semen, pre-seminal fluids, vaginal fluids, rectal fluids, and breast milk.
它通过血液、精液、精前液、阴道液、直肠液和母乳从一个人传给另一个人。
Once contracted, it attacks important cells in your immune system called CD4 cells or T cells.
一旦感染，病毒会攻击免疫系统中的重要细胞，CD4细胞或T细胞。
These cells help your body fight off infections and infection-related cancers.
这些细胞帮助你的身体抵抗感染和感染相关的癌症。
So as HIV destroys them, it becomes easier for you to get sick or even die from common illnesses.
所以当艾滋病毒破坏这些细胞时，你就更容易生病，甚至死于常见疾病。
If left untreated and the number of CD4 cells falls below a certain threshold,
如果不进行治疗，CD4细胞数量低于某个阈值，
HIV progresses to its final stage - acquired immunodeficiency syndrome or AIDS.
艾滋病毒发展到最后阶段——即获得性免疫缺陷综合症或艾滋病。
At this point, the immune system is so destroyed that you get more and more severe illnesses known as opportunistic infections.
此时，免疫系统被严重破坏，你会患上越来越严重的疾病，即机会性感染。
People with AIDS who don't get treatment often don't survive more than three years.
患艾滋病后不接受治疗的话，患者存活时间通常不会超过三年。
In the 80s, an outbreak of HIV spread across the world creating one of the most deadly epidemics.
80年代，艾滋病毒在全世界蔓延，造成了最致命的流行病之一。
Since then, over 77 million people have become infected with HIV and over 35 million have died from AIDS-related illnesses.
自那时以来，已有7700多万人感染艾滋病毒，3500多万人死于与艾滋病有关的疾病。
But after a lot of research and studies, scientists developed medicines for the treatment of HIV,
但是在进行了很多调查和研究之后，科学家研发了治疗艾滋病的药物，
called antiretroviral therapy or ART, that lower the amount of HIV in the body - though again, there is no way to get rid of it completely.
这种疗法被称为抗逆转录病毒疗法(ART)，它可以降低体内艾滋病病毒的数量——但是没有办法完全摆脱病毒。
But these medicines allow those who take it to live for nearly as long as someone who does not have HIV and has been shown to prevent infections in sexual partners.
但是，服用这些药的艾滋病患者几乎能和未患艾滋病的人活一样久。而且这些药已证明可预防性伴侣之间的感染。
Scientists have also developed ways to prevent HIV infection from occurring in the first place.
科学家们还研究出了从一开始就预防艾滋病毒感染的方法。
In addition to barriers like condoms and dental dams,
除了像避孕套和口腔保护膜这样的屏障，
there is a daily pill called pre-exposure prophylaxis or PrEP.
有一种日常服用的药物叫做暴露前预防（PrEP），
For those at high risk for HIV, that can be taken to reduce the chance of contracting it from sex by over 90 percent.
对于HIV高危人群，它可将通过性行为感染病毒的几率减少超过90%。
Because early symptoms of HIV resemble the flu, followed by a long period of latency,
因为艾滋病毒的早期症状与流感相似，随后有很长一段时间的潜伏期，
the only way to know for sure if you have become infected and to keep you and your partners safe is by getting tested.
唯一确定你是否感染并保证你和你的伴侣安全的方法就是做检测。
HIV tests work by detecting either antibodies - which are used by your body to fight off infections - or antigens - which are part of the virus.
HIV检测的原理是，检测抗体-你的身体用它来抵抗感染-或者抗原-它是病毒的一部分。
These usually can be detected starting three months after exposure,
它们通常在暴露3个月后就能被检测出来，
but more advanced tests can be performed if someone had a high-risk exposure or are displaying early symptoms of HIV.
但是，如果某人有高风险接触艾滋病毒或出现早期症状，则可以进行更高级的检测。
Getting tested is the only way to know your HIV status. If you are HIV-positive,
检测是了解你是否感染艾滋病毒的唯一途径。如果你是HIV阳性，
you can start getting treated, which can improve your health, prolong your life, and greatly lower your chance of spreading HIV to others.
你可以开始接受治疗，这可以改善你的健康，延长你的生命，并大大降低你向他人传播艾滋病毒的机会。
Tests are confidential, quick, easy, and sometimes even free.
检测保密，快速，简单，有时甚至是免费的。
They are performed using an oral swab or blood sample and can be administered by a health care professional or through at-home testing kits.
他们使用口腔拭子或血液样本检测，也可由卫生保健专业人员或通过家庭测试包进行检测。
Results from rapid or certain at-home tests can be ready in as little as 20 minutes.
快速或某些在家测试可在20分钟内出结果。
For more information and resources, check out the Let's Stop HIV Together Campaign.
获取更多信息和资源，请查看“一起阻止艾滋病毒活动”页面。
The CDC also provides a tool to locate a testing site near you. Links to both can be found below.
CDC还提供了一个工具来定位您附近的测试站点。两个链接都在下面。
So are there any other illnesses or diseases that you want us to talk about?
你想让我们讨论什么疾病呢？
Let us know your questions in the comment section below.
请在评论区留下你的问题。
Thank you so much to our friends over at Hollywood Health and society who sponsored this video.
非常感谢我们在“好莱坞健康与社会”的朋友赞助本视频。
To find out more about what they do and how you can help their great causes, click the first link in the description.
了解更多他们在做什么，以及如何帮助他们超棒的事业，请点击介绍区的链接。
Thank you so much for listening and watching.
非常感激大家收看本期视频。
As always my name is Blocko! This has been Life Noggin! Don't forget to keep on thinking.
我是宝高！这里是脑洞大开的生命奇想！不要忘记继续思考。
