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Hi. Welcome back to www.engvid.com. I'm Adam. Today's lesson is a bit of a strange lesson.
欢迎来到英格威英语学习网。我是亚当。今天的课程有一些奇怪。
I'm going to tell you something that you can't actually learn. Well, you can learn it, there's just no rules for it.
我来跟大家讲一些你不会真正学到的东西。你可以学，但是它没有规则。
I'm talking about specifically some prefixes. "Dis-", "un", "in/im-/il/ir-", "non-".
我来跟大家讲一些前缀。“dis-”，“un“，“in/im-/il/ir-”，“non-”。
Okay? First of all, let's review a little bit.
首先，我们来回顾一下。
What is a prefix? A prefix is a little part of a word that comes before the main word;
什么是前缀？前缀是词汇的一部分，置于核心词之前。
can come before an adjective, before an adverb, before a noun, before a verb.
前缀可置于形容词，副词，名词和动词之前。
Anything that comes before a word, especially before a root of a word.
前缀就是位于单词之前的部分，尤其是一个单词的词根之前。
We're going to look at an example of that very soon.
我很快就会给大家举例子。
So, I was asked specifically to talk about these prefixes. All of them basically mean "not".
我受邀专门来讲这些前缀。所有这些词的基本意思就是“否定”。
Okay? They negate the word they are added to.
它们否定与之组合的词汇。
Now, generally speaking, you can find specific little subtle differences between all of them.
一般来说，你可以发现它们之间细微的差别。
For example, "dis" means more like be a part of or away from, separate.
比如，“dis”的意思更像是一部分或者离开，分开。
"Un" means not or a reversal of something, or not having something, a lack of something, a deprivation.
“un”意思是否定或逆转某事，或者是没有某物，缺少某物，匮乏。
And same with these guys, not, reverse, opposite. "Non" is the most simple one. "Non" basically means not.
这几个也一样，否定，逆转，相反。“non”是最简单的一个。“non”基本上意思就是“否定”。
Okay? But, the problem is that most of these can go with many words, but there's no real rule about which word takes which prefix.
但是，问题是，这里的大多数前缀都可以和很多单词组合在一起，但是没有具体的组合规则。
Okay? So, how do you learn which one to use in which situation? Well, I'll tell you after we look at a few examples.
我们怎么知道在不同的情况下该使用哪个前缀呢？先来看几个例子，然后我就告诉大家。
Okay? So, again, all of these mean not. The only thing you have to worry about the most is the actual word that is being connected to a prefix.
所有这些前缀意思都是“否定”。你唯一需要担心的是与前缀连接的单词。
Okay? Concentrate on the root or the word itself before you concentrate on which prefix to join to it.
先关注词根或单词本身，再去看要与之连接的词缀。
Now, you will see that some words will take both prefixes, and be totally okay.
你就会知道，有些词连接两种前缀都可以。
The problem is that their meanings are completely different.
问题是它们的意思完全不同。
So, "to dislike", this is a verb, "to dislike", it could also be a noun.
在“to dislike”中，它是一个动词。它也可以是一个名词。
"I have a strong dislike for certain vegetables", for example. But "to dislike" means to not like.
比如，“我非常讨厌某种蔬菜。”但是“to dislike”的意思是不喜欢。
Now, if you say: "I don't like Pizza." And you say: "I dislike Pizza." These are a little bit different.
如果你说：“我不喜欢披萨。”你又说：“我讨厌披萨。”这两个表达有些不同。
Right? "Don't like" or "not like" means you don't have a good feeling towards.
“不喜欢”意思是你没有好感。
But "dislike" means you actually have a bad feeling towards.
但是“dislike”意思是你出现了反感。
Right? So, this is a little bit more active. You're away from liking it.
它的意思更活跃一些。你是讨厌它。
You're actually having a bad feeling for it. "Unlike" has absolutely no connection to "dislike".
实际上你是反感它。“unlike”肯定和“dislike”没有关系。
"Unlike" means not similar to. This is the preposition "like", "A" is like "B".
“unlike”的意思是不相似。这个是介词“like”，“A”像“B”。
This is the verb "like", means to have a good feeling toward. So, concentrate on the word you have.
这个是动词“like”，意思是有好感。注意词性是什么。
You have the verb, you have the preposition, and then decide which prefix you want to join to it.
确定好是动词还是介词，然后再决定要加上什么前缀。
So, here, I have a few examples of words that can take two prefixes and have different meanings.
有一些例子可以和两个前缀连接，有不同的意思。
So, for example: "discover" and "uncover" are two completely different verbs.
比如“discover”和“uncover”是两个完全不同的单词。
"To discover" means to find by accident. You're walking along the beach, and you discover the skull, the bone...
“to discover”的意思是偶然发现。你在沿着海滩走，发现了一个头骨，
Head bone of a dinosaur. You didn't look for it. You just found it. Okay? You discovered it.
恐龙的头骨。你没有在寻找它，你只是偶然看到了它。
So, it was hidden by nature, by time, and then you took away the cover and there it is, the skull.
它被自然和时间所掩盖，然后你掀开了盖子看到了它。
"Uncover", on the other hand, means you were looking for something and you found it. So, you're a... I'm a reporter.
另一方面，“Uncover”的意思是你在寻找某物，你找到了它。比如我是个记者，
I work for a major newspaper, and I think that this particular politician is corrupt; he's lying to the people, he's stealing their money.
我为一家大报社工作，我认为这个政治家是腐败的，他在对人们撒谎，他盗取了人们的钱财。
So, I investigate. And after my investigation, I uncover certain facts that will help the police put him in jail.
所以，我就开始调查。调查之后，我揭露了一些事实，可以帮助警察把他送进监狱。
Not, not, not covered, not covered, means not hidden, but this one by accident, time, nature hit it,
没有覆盖，意思是没有隐藏，但是这个是出于意外，时间和自然掩盖了它。
I, by accident discovered it; "uncover" means I looked for, I found.
我意外发现了它，“uncover”意思是我寻找了它，发现了它。
This one, or these two, I should say: "disinterested" and "uninterested". These are always mixed up.
这一个，或这两个，我应该说：“disinterested”或者“uninterested”。这两个经常被弄混。
You cannot use these two interchangeably; you have to use one or the other. I'll start with "uninterested".
这两个词不能互换着使用，你只能使用其中的一个。我先来讲“uninterested”。
Uninterested means indifferent, don't care. It's boring. I'm uninterested. I don't want to know. Leave me alone.
它的意思是不关心的，不在意。有些无聊，我不在意。我不想知道，别烦我。
"Disinterested" means impartial, means you're not... You don't have a reason to take one side or the other.
“disinterested”意思是公正的，意思是你不...你没有理由站在哪一边。
Okay? So, again, I'm the reporter. I have nothing to gain or lose by finding out information about this politician.
再说一次，我是记者。我发现这个政治家的内幕后不会得到或失去任何东西。
I am a disinterested party. I am objective. Okay? I am not involved in the situation.
我是个公正的人。我是个客观的人。我没有卷入这件事。
I'm just reporting the facts. Here, I don't care; here, I'm not part of the situation.
我只是在报道事实。我不在乎，我和这件事无关。
Now, you also think: "Well, these two are kind of weird.
你也许会想，这两个词有些奇怪。
There are two different words here." Right? But you have a "discomfort", you are "uncomfortable".
这里有两个不同的词。你感到“不适”，你就不舒服。
That's a little strange. This is a noun, this is an adjective.
这个有些奇怪。这是一个名词，这是一个形容词。
You go to the doctor, you complain of a discomfort in your side.
你去看医生，你主诉身体的一侧不舒服。
But if you sit and somebody left a pen on your chair, oh, a little uncomfortable.
如果你坐下，有人在你椅子上放了一支笔，有点不舒服。
You're not... You know, you want to get up and see what's going on there. A discomfort is like a real thing, probably inside.
你想起身看看发生什么事了。“discomfort”则是真切存在的，可能是内部。
Uncomfortable, you can fix somehow. "Disable", okay? We're going to look at the verb, "disable".
“uncomfortable”是你可以解决的事。“disable”，我们来看看动词“disable”。
Means make not able. Take away the ability of something. So, you have a machine running.
意思是不能。使某物失去能力。比如，你有一个机器正在运转。
You think: "Oh, it's a little bit dangerous." You don't want anybody to use it, so you disable it.
你认为：“它有一些危险。”你不想任何人使用它，所以你让它失去能力。
You disconnect the fuse. Now, nobody can come and use this machine. It has been disabled.
你断开了保险丝。现在，没人能过来使用这个机器。它不能使用了。
We say about a person if he or she is disabled, usually they're in a wheelchair, they had an accident or they were born with a problem.
当我们说某人是残疾人时，通常他们在轮椅上，他们出了意外事故或者生来就有问题。
They are not able. "Unable" means can't. I am unable to help you because I just don't know. Okay? "Unable", "disable".
他们没有这个能力。“unable”意思是不能。我不能帮助你，因为我不知道怎么帮。这就是“unable”和“disable”。
