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Hello, my name is Emma, and in today's video, I'm going to help you become a better reader by teaching you about something called pronouns.
大家好，我是艾玛，今天的视频我们要讲的是代词，一个能够帮助大家更好地阅读的词类。
So, the tip I'm going to share with you today will be very helpful if you are in high school or college or university,
无论你是正在读高中，读大学，还是正在准备雅思、托福、CELPIP或任何一门会考察到阅读的考试，
if you are taking the IELTS or TOEFL or CELPIP or any kind of test where you need to do some reading, or if you just love to read, okay?
又或者你只是单纯地喜欢阅读，我今天要分享的内容都会对你非常有用，好吗？
So, this tip is going to help people who have to read something, and it will help you understand what you read better by understanding pronouns.
换句话说，这篇资料对有阅读需求的朋友会很有帮助，因为理解了代词，你就能更好地理解你正在阅读的文章。
So, let's get started.
那我们现在就开始吧。
So, the first thing I want to do is tell you what a noun is,
首先，我想跟大家讲讲什么是名词，
because by knowing what a noun is, you're going to understand what a pronoun is, and that's the very first step to reading better.
因为理解了什么是名词，你就能理解什么是代词，而理解代词是提升阅读能力的第一步。
I have here a very, very simple definition of a noun, okay?
我给名词下了一个非常非常简单的定义。
So, this a simple definition, but a noun is - it can be a person, it can be a place, it can be a thing, it can be an idea,
这只是一个简单版的定义，名词指的是，它可以指人，可以指地点，指一件事情，一个想法，
it can be an object, so all of these things can be nouns.
一个东西，所有这些都可以是名词。
I'll give you some examples - some concrete examples - so you can understand what I'm talking about.
我给大家举几个例子，几个具体的例子，这样你们就能明白我的意思了。
"My name is Emma." Emma is a noun.
“我叫艾玛。”艾玛就是个名词。
A person is a noun; Emma is a noun.
人是名词；所以艾玛也是名词。
A place, school, the word school is a noun.
地点（是名词），学校（是一个地点），所以学校是名词。
In terms of thing, I have here in my hand a marker.
再来说东西，现在我手里有一支马克笔。
The word "marker" is a noun.
“马克笔”就是一个名词。
And then I have - for idea, happiness.
接下来是……想法这一类，我要举的例子是幸福这个词。
Happiness is an idea.
幸福是一种想法。
It's also - the word is also a noun.
所以它也是……这个词也是一个名词。
So, nouns are different than words that describe things, which are called adjectives, like nice, or intelligent, or popular.
所以，名词和用于形容事物的词，也即形容词，比如美好的、聪明的、流行的这些形容词是不一样的。
So today, we're going to talk about nouns and pronouns.
今天，我们要讨论的是名词和代词。
So, I've told you what a noun is.
名词我们就讲到这里。
What is a pronoun?
那什么是代词呢？
A pronoun is a word that replaces a noun.
代词是用来替换名词的词。
There are different types of pronouns,
代词也分很多种，
but the main idea I want you to know is that a pronoun replaces a noun.
但我想让大家掌握的核心思想是……代词是用来替换名词的。
So, let me give you some ideas of some pronouns.
下面我给大家举几个例子好让大家对代词有个印象。
So, I told you before, "Emma" is a noun.
前面我已经跟大家讲过了，“艾玛”这个词是个名词。
The pronoun would be "I". I, because I'm Emma.
它对应的代词应该是“我”。代词是我，因为我是艾玛。
"I" replaces Emma.
“我”替换了“艾玛”。
For school or marker, we can use the pronoun "it".
“学校”和“马克笔”两个名词我们可以用代词“它”来替换。
If I'm talking about my friend, I can use the pronoun "he" or "she", which replaces the word "friend".
如果我正在讨论我的朋友，我就可以用代词“他”或“她”来代替“朋友”这个（名）词。
We have the pronoun they, them, ones, there are many different pronouns and I'll talk a little bit more about them in a moment,
除此之外，我们还有（主格代词）“TA们”，（宾格代词）“TA们”，“那些”等代词，这些代词我们等下再讲，
but the main thing to know is that they replace nouns.
但最主要的是要知道，代词是用来替换名词的。
So, why is this important?
那么，为什么说这一点很重要呢？
Well, in English, writers like to make what they write interesting,
这是因为，在英语中，作家们喜欢让他们写的东西变得有趣一点，
and the way they make what they write interesting is by using pronouns.
而他们采取的方式就是使用代词。
If a writer only used nouns, their writing would be very boring.
如果一个作家只用名词写作，那他的作品必然会非常的枯燥。
So, for example: Emma likes tea. Emma is fun. Emma goes to the movies. Emma reads a lot of books.
比如：艾玛喜欢喝茶。艾玛很有趣。艾玛去看电影了。艾玛读了很多书。
By not using pronouns, you hear the word "Emma, Emma, Emma".
如果不用代词，你就会反复听到“艾玛”，“艾玛”，“艾玛”这个词。
It's so repetitive.
就会显得重复得太频繁了。
So, that's why in English, we use pronouns, to make the language more interesting.
这就是为什么在英语里面，我们会使用代词来让我们的语言变得更有趣的原因。
So sometimes, we might use the word "Emma", sometimes we might use the word "she", so using a pronoun makes a sentence more interesting.
所以，有时候我们可能会用“艾玛”这个（名）词，有时候我们则会用“她”这个（代）词，因为用代词会让句子变得更有意思。
So, how do writers use nouns and pronouns?
那么，作家是如何使用名词和代词的呢？
Well first, when they write, they introduce a noun.
首先，写作时他们会先引入一个名词。
So, imagine I wanted to introduce the noun "school". I could make a sentence: School is fun.
比如我想介绍“学校”这个名词。我可能会造一个句；学校很有趣。
Now, in the next sentence, I'm going to use a pronoun.
接下来的一句话我就会用一个代词（来替换“学校”这个名词）。
So, these are the two steps writers use: they first use a noun and then they use a pronoun.
这就是作家使用名词和代词的两个步骤：先使用名词，再使用代词。
School is fun. It is - or let me think of a good pronoun for school -
学校很有趣。它是……让我想想用个什么代词好……
School is fun. I love going there, okay?
学校很有趣。我喜欢去那里。
In this case, I used "there" to replace "school".
在本例中，我用“那里”替换了“学校”。
So, I'm going to write some great examples on the board in a moment,
现在我们再在黑板上举几个例子，
but the main thing to know is that, again, a pronoun replaces a noun.
但还是那句话，最主要的是要知道，代词是用来替换名词的。
So, let's look at some examples on how we can use this when we're reading.
我们来看几个例子，看看我们在阅读的时候怎么运用这一点。
Okay. So, I want you to imagine this: You have to read something and it's hard.
好了，现在，请大家想象一下：你不得不读某个东西，但读起来给人感觉又很难。
It's really difficult to understand what you're reading.
就很难理解它到底在讲什么。
Maybe it's a university textbook.
你读的可能是一本大学教科书。
Maybe it's a newspaper article.
也可能是报纸上的一篇文章。
So, this tip I'm going to teach you is going to help you in those situations.
那我要教大家的这个技巧就能在这个时候帮上大家的忙了。
So, what I want to say is there are three things I want you to do when you're having a hard time reading a couple of sentences.
那么，我想说的是，如果你遇到了几句读起来很困难的句子的时候，我希望你能做三件事。
So, let's look at this.
我们现在就一个一个来说。
I've written here two simple sentences to give you an example:
这里我写了两个比较简单的句子给大家示范：
Jamie loves the pool. She enjoys swimming in it every day.
杰米很喜欢那个游泳池，她喜欢天天都去那里面游泳。
So, in this sentence, we have some nouns and we also have some pronouns.
这个句子里有几个名词，也有几个代词。
What can help you in your reading is asking yourself "What does the pronoun refer to?".
一个比较有好处的做法就是问问你自己，“那个代词指代的是什么内容？”
So, how can we ask ourselves this question?
那么，我们怎么问我们自己这个问题呢？
What are the steps we need to take to answer this question?
回答这个问题又需要几步呢？
Well, first of all, we need to figure out what are the nouns in the sentence?
首先，我们需要弄清楚句子中的名词都有哪些。
So, what I like to do is if I don't understand the words, I'll underline the nouns,
我的习惯就是我要是遇到了不懂的词，我就用下划线把里面的名词标记出来，
so in this case, I've underlined the word Jamie, Jamie is a person, so I know, okay, person, it's a noun.
这个句子的话，我就把“杰米”这个词划了出来，杰米是一个人，那我就知道了，人，那它是一个名词。
"Loves" is a verb.
“爱”是一个动词。
The is an article.
“the”是一个冠词。
Pool...hmm.Pool is a place, so I've underlined the word pool. It's a noun.
泳池，嗯，泳池是一个地方，所以我在它下面也划了线。因为它也是一个名词。
She - that's a pronoun - enjoys swimming in it every day.
她——她是个代名词——喜欢天天都去那里面游泳。
Day is also a noun, so I could also underline that.
天也是个名词，所以我也可以给它画上下划线。
So, I underline the nouns first.
我先给这些名词画上下划线。
After I do that, I now look for the pronouns, or the words that replace the nouns.
接下来我们就来找代词，也就是用来代替名词的那些单词。
So, Jamie loves the pool.
杰米喜欢游泳池。
She - okay, she is a pronoun.
她……她是个代词。
So, what I've done is I'm going to circle the pronouns.
我的办法就是把代词都圈起来。
I've circled the word she, enjoys is a verb, swimming in it - it is a pronoun as well, so I've circled the pronoun "it" - every day.
我已经圈出了单词“她”，“喜欢”是一个动词，去那里面游泳，“那”也是一个代词，所以我把代词“那”也圈了出来，最后是“每天”。
Now, I have to ask myself this question: what does the pronoun refer to?
这时候我就要问自己一个问题：这些代词指代的都是什么？
What does "she" refer to?
“她”指的是什么？
So, what I'm going to do is I'm going to look at the sentence: Jamie loves the pool.
所以，我接下来要做的就是看这句话：杰米喜欢那个游泳池。
Hm, I know a pool isn't a person, so I wouldn't use she, and the only other noun here is Jamie, so she refers to Jamie.
嗯，我知道游泳池不是人，所以我不会用“她”来指代游泳池，这里唯一的另一个名词是杰米，那“她”指的就是杰米了。
She is the pronoun that is replacing the word Jamie.
“她”就是替换“杰米”这个（名）词的代词。
So, now I'm going to do my third step, draw an arrow or write the noun over the pronoun.
接下来要做的就是第三步，画一个箭头或者把名词标注在代词上方。
So, I can do two things here, I can either go, okay, she means Jamie,
也就是说，这里可以有两种操作，我可以这样，意思就是“她”指代的是“杰米”，
or if I don't want to draw an arrow, what I can do is just make a note to myself - Jamie.
也可以……如果我不想画箭头的话，那我可以自己在这里标注一下——杰米。
Okay, so I've got the first pronoun figured out.
这样一来，我们就把第一个代词的指代关系梳理清楚了。
Jamie loves the pool. Jamie, or she, enjoys swimming in it every day.
杰米喜欢那个游泳池。杰米，或者，她，喜欢天天都去那里面游泳。
Now I have my second pronoun - it.
接下来我们来说说第二个代词“it”（那）。
So I've circled it, and I have to ask myself the question: what does the pronoun "it" refer to?
因为我已经把它圈出来了，那我现在要做的就是问自己一个问题：代词“it”指的是什么？
Hm, well if I go back to the sentence before, Jamie is not an it,
嗯，回到前面的句子，杰米不是用“it”来指代的，
we've already figured out it's a "she", and "it" is used for, usually, objects or ideas.
因为我们已经知道这个单词是用“她”来指代的，而“it”通常指代的是物体或想法。
Loves is a verb - okay, pool.
喜欢是个动词-有了，游泳池。
Pool is the other noun we're looking at.
游泳池就是我们要考察的另一个名词。
So, it must be the replacement for the word pool.
所以，“那”一定是“游泳池”这个词的替换词。
So instead of saying pool, in this sentence, we've said "it".
也就是说，在这句话里，我们没有用“游泳池”这个名词，而用了“那”这个代词。
She enjoys swimming in the pool every day - she enjoys swimming in it every day.
她喜欢天天都去那个泳池里游泳——她喜欢天天都去那里面游泳。
So now we do the third step, we can either draw an arrow like we've done up here, or we can write the noun it's replacing over it,
现在我们来完成第三个步骤，我们可以像上面这样画一个箭头，也可以在它上面写上它所替换的名词，
so I'm going to the second, I'm going to say, "She enjoys swimming in the pool every day."
我准备选第二种方案，把它改写成，“她喜欢天天都去那个泳池里游泳。”
And so, that's how you understand what you're reading better because if there are a lot of pronouns,
以上就是对代词能够帮助大家更好地理解阅读内容的说明啦，因为如果阅读材料里有很多代词，
it can get really confusing quickly, especially when there's a lot of words you don't know and it's a hard reading.
你很快就会读得一头雾水，尤其是材料里还有很多你不认识的词，材料难度很大的时候。
So, I've given you an easier sentence, but anytime you're having a hard time reading sth, try this, this tip.
我这边给大家举的这个例子比较简单，但无论什么时候读到比较困难的材料，你都可以试试这个办法。
Figure out the nouns, figure out the pronouns and ask yourself: What does the pronoun refer to?
梳理出里面的名词，代词，然后问问自己：这个代词指的是什么？
And this will make your lives a lot easier.
这样阅读你会感觉轻松很多。
For those of you doing the IELTS, the TOEFL, or any type of university reading, this is really key.
对于正在准备雅思、托福或任何类型的大学阅读的同学来说，这个办法真的非常关键。
So, thank you for watching this video.
以上就是我们今天的学习内容，感谢大家收看这次的视频。
I hope you've learned something.
希望大家今天都学有所得。
I'd like to invite you to visit our website at www.engvid.com .
大家也不妨去我们的网站www.engvid.com上看看。
There, you can actually practice what you've learned here today on our quiz.
我们在那边给大家准备了随堂小测验，供大家练习巩固今天学到的内容。
You can also subscribe to my channel where I have other tips on helping people how to read more efficiently,
你也可以订阅我的频道，我在那边还分享了更多帮助大家有效阅读，
how to listen better, how to improve their conversational skills, and many other topics, so come subscribe to my channel and don't forget to ring the bell.
有效聆听，提升会话技能的技巧，除了这些我还探讨了很多其他的话题，所以大家赶快订阅起来吧，还有，不要忘了点亮更新通知噢。
You can also visit www.teacheremma.com and there you can find more free resources that can help you with your learning.
你也可以访问www.teacheremma.com了解更多帮助学习的免费资源。
So, thank you for watching, and until next time, take care.
本期视频就到这里结束了，感谢大家的收看，我们下期节目再见。
