评论
打印
Hey there, I'm mike rugnetta. This is Crash Course Theater.
嘿，大家好，我是迈克·鲁格内塔，这里是“戏剧速成小课堂”
And today we're looking at the disappearance of theater during the late classical period.
今天我们来看一下古典时期末戏剧的消失
And it's reimagines hundreds of years later in a pretty unlikely place.
几百年后戏剧会在另一个你意想不到的地方重新出现
No, not New Jersey. Here's a hit though.
不 不是在新泽西 虽然很打击人
It has high ceilings and it usually involves a bunch of men wearing fancy robes.
那里的天花板很高 有很多穿着漂亮长袍的男人
Nope, not the Jedi Council. Clothes though.
不 不是绝地委员会 虽然穿衣风格一样
As you may recall from our episode on Roman Theatre Drama, had to compete with nude dancing, wild animal acts and elaborate naval battles in flooded coliseums where people actually died.
可能你还记得我们讲过的罗马戏剧那集 那集我们不得不和裸体舞蹈、野兽表演以及大剧院里精心制作的海战做思想抗争(海战表演真的死了人)
In the early centuries of the Common Era, these performances became increasingly popular and elaborate.
公历纪元早期 这些表演变得越来越受欢迎 也变得越来越精致
Sort of like Michael Bay films.
快赶上迈克尔·贝拍的电影了
While classically derived theatre receded in importance.
虽然古典戏剧变得越来越不被重视
Of course, not everyone was a fan of these more extreme types of performance, especially early Christians.
当然 并不是所有人都喜欢这种极端的表演 尤其是早期的基督教徒
In fact, Romans developed a repertoire of acts expressly designed to mock and punish early Christians. There were scenes that made fun of baptism.
实际上 罗马人搞了一个剧目表演 专门用来嘲笑和惩罚早期的基督徒 其中还有用来取笑洗礼的场景
And just in case that was too subtle, they also just straight-up fed Christians to wild animals, while the audience cheered.
为了让嘲弄效果更佳 他们还直接将基督徒喂给野兽 观众们则为之大声叫好
Sometimes Mimes would conclude performances with the great crowd-pleaser, actual Crucifixion.
哑剧演员有时会以取悦观众的方式来结束表演 即表演真正的“耶稣受难(被钉十字架)”
So just remember that the next time you want to diss on mimes Yorick. There were tortured mimes.
所以 下次你想在哑剧演员尤里克身上喷口水的时候 请记住 他们是被折磨过的哑剧演员
Christianity was more or less outlawed in the Roman empire.
基督教在罗马帝国某种程度上是非法的
And Christians weren't allowed to pray in public, or really at all.
基督徒不被允许在公共场合祈祷 或者说被完全禁止
But it was totally cool to go to a theater and hear actors speaking those same prayers as a mockery.
但是以嘲弄的方式坐在剧院里听听演员们表演同样的祈祷是件很酷的事情
This led Christian critics like Tertullian to complain: Why should it be lawful to hear what we may not speak?
于是类似德尔图良这样的基督教批评家们便发出了抱怨之声：我们不能听的东西怎么能允许它合法？
But in 312 CE, the emperor Constantine had a dream about Jesus. And he legalized Christianity the next year.
但是在公元312年 康斯坦丁大帝做了一个关于耶稣的梦 第二年他便让基督教合法化了
His conversion may not have been totally visionary though.
但他此举可能并不完全是因为自己的梦
Maybe he was thinking that a new religion might be a good way to unify a divided empire that he could then lead convenient.
或许他是觉得可以用一个新的宗教来统一分裂的帝国 这样他管理起来就方便多了
Either way, by the end of the century, Christianity was the only legal religion in the Roman Empire.
不管是因为什么 到世纪末 基督教是罗马帝国唯一一个合法的宗教
It produced a chilling effect on performance which had long been associated with Pagan Gods.
这对表演制造了一种“寒蝉效应”(指人民因害怕遭到国家刑罚或高额赔偿而不敢发表言论) 因为表演的内容长期以来都与异教神有关
Sorry, Dionysus.
抱歉 迪奥尼索司(酒神)
By 404 gladiatorial fights were outlawed and wild animal acts ended a century later.
到公元404年 角斗被宣布违法 一个世纪后 野兽表演被禁
And as it turns out Christians hated actors, just as much as Romans hated actors. Maybe more.
事实证明 基督徒憎恨演员的程度和罗马人憎恨演员的程度一样 或许还更深一些
Remember how Romans basically disbarred them from society?
还记得罗马人是怎样驱逐基督徒的吗？
Well, the same goes for Christians who mandated that evil sinful actors couldn't be baptized.
好吧 基督徒们也是如此 他们认为演员是邪恶有罪的 不能接受洗礼
And that anyone who married one would have to be excommunicated.
并且他们的妻子也要被逐出教会
An exception was apparently made for the emperor Justinian who fell in love with Theodora, a sexy mime who he made empress.
查士丁尼(罗马皇帝)显然是个特例 他爱上了狄奥多拉并将她封为皇后 而狄奥多拉是一个性感的哑剧演员
So just remember that also the next time you want to diss on mimes, there were empress mimes.
所以 下次你想朝哑剧演员喷口水的时候 请记住 他们有个哑剧皇后
Christianity alone didn't kill theatrical performance though. Invading tribes had a hand to.
不过 基督教还不足以扼杀戏剧表演 入侵的各部落们也帮了一把手
The empire began to lose territories in the middle of the 4th century CE.
罗马帝国于公元4世纪中期开始流失领土
Around the same time that emperor's were trying to raise morale by rallying the people behind Christianity.
大概在同一时期 罗马皇帝试图通过团结基督教背后的人们来鼓舞士气
The empire split into western and Eastern sections and the western section was particularly vulnerable.
罗马帝国分裂为东罗马和西罗马 西罗马易受攻击
Rome was sacked in 410 and the western arm of the empire was devastated by the end of the fifth century when the Visigoths took over. Western Rome fell in 568.
罗马于公元410年遭遇洗劫 西哥特人于5世纪末接管罗马后帝国的西翼被折断 西罗马于568年陷落
533CE is the date of the last recorded theatrical performance in Rome, thirty-five years before its fall.
公元533年是罗马最后一个有记载的戏剧表演的日期 比罗马本身的衰落早了35年
But there may have been a few performances after that that no one wrote about.
在那之后可能还出现过一些戏剧演出 但是没有被记录下来
And Rome and mimes seem to have reinvented themselves as strolling players and taken to traveling up and down the countryside.
而罗马人和哑剧演员似乎也改头换面成了巡游演员 开始了乡间巡游
I mean I guess, someone has to entertain all of those huns and goths and Visigoths.
我的意思是 我想 必须得有人出面招待那些匈奴人、哥特人和西哥特人
I hope they liked lewd jokes. Because that's it for theatrical performance in the west for a couple hundred years.
希望他们能喜欢黄段子 因为这是西方几百年来戏剧表演的精髓
But ok, I'm holding a phone, because remember how the empire also had an Eastern wing?
但是 好吧 666 我要打call 因为 还记得罗马帝国有个东翼吗？
Well, it was called the Byzantine Empire.
嗯 过去它被称为拜占庭帝国(即东罗马帝国)
And it was a lot more stable. Hanging around until 1453 and the Fall of Constantinople.
这个帝国就稳定多了 一直无人问津 直到1453年君士坦丁堡陷落
Theater continued to thrive there.
戏剧在那儿一直持久不衰
Probably you may be shocked to learn evidence is on the scant side.
你可能会惊讶 因为并没有证据能证明这一点
No scripts from the Byzantine theater have survived.
没有一本拜占庭帝国的戏剧剧本被流传下来
So most of what we know is from people who wrote screeds complaining about the theater.
所以 我们所了解到的内容大都来自那些写写文章抱怨戏剧的人
And there are a few paintings and sculptures that appear to depict theatrical events.
此外还有一些貌似描绘了某些戏剧活动的绘画和雕塑
Mostly the Byzantines liked the decadent semi theatrical stuff that western audiences were into.
拜占庭人大都喜欢西方观众喜欢的那种颓废的半戏剧化的东西
Constantinople had a hippodrome and the hippodrome hosted gladiators chariot races and wild animal.
君士坦丁堡有竞技场 竞技场里有角斗士、战车赛和野兽
But there were also two Roman theatres, one of which survived into the middle ages.
还有两个罗马剧院 其中一个一直存留到了中世纪
And likely produced the Comedies of Menander.
也有可能因此有了后来的米南德喜剧
Still, most of the entertainment was probably given over to mimes and variety shows.
不过 主要的娱乐活动可能还是哑剧和各种杂耍表演
These were still going strong as late as 692CE, which we know because around then a group of churchmen lobbied to have them banned.
这些娱乐活动一直兴盛到公元692年才渐渐没落 我们知道 这是因为当时有一群教徒进行游说 要求禁止这些娱乐活动
So just remember that also also. The next time you want to diss on mimes, doing their best to keep theatre alive in some form for centuries mimes.
所以 下次你想对哑剧进行指责的时候 还要、还要记住要让他们尽全力让哑剧以某种形式再延续几个世纪
In the west, fools and jugglers and singers persisted but nothing you could call a play.
西方的表演里总会出现傻子、杂耍演员和歌手 但是这些都不足以称之为戏剧
So then, what do people do for fun in the middle ages?
那么 中世纪的人们有什么娱乐活动呢？
Well, they went to church. Because Christian ritual especially as it became fancier and more formalized ticked a lot of the boxes we associate with theater.
嗯 他们会去教堂 因为基督教的仪式——尤其到了这些仪式变得越来越复杂、越来越正式的时候——勾起了我们对戏剧的许多联想
Costumes, props, songs and movement up and down the aisles that maybe looks a bit like dance if you squint really hard.
服装、道具、歌曲、在过道上来回走动 如果你使劲儿眯着眼看可能会觉得这像在跳舞
While no one is exactly sure how we get from the medieval Mass to the large-scale Cycle Plays and Passion Plays, which we'll talk about in a bit.
然而 没有人确切地知道中世纪的弥撒(宗教仪式)是如何发展到大规模的循环剧和激情剧的 稍后我们再讲
