The history of humankind is strewn with crafty and seasoned liars like Hogue. Many are criminals who spin lies and weave deceptions to gain unjust rewards -- as the financier Bernie Madoff did for years, duping investors out of billions of dollars until his Ponzi scheme collapsed. Some are politicians who lie to come to power or cling to it, as Richard Nixon famously did when he denied any role in the Watergate scandal.
人类历史上散布着像霍格这样狡猾和老练的骗子。许多罪犯编织欺骗以获得不公正的报酬，正如金融家伯尼·马多夫在庞氏骗局倒塌之前，数十年如一日地欺骗了投资者数十亿美元一样。有些政治家则靠谎言获取或维持权力，就像尼克松否认自己涉足水门事件的任何环节。
Sometimes people lie to inflate their image -- a motivation that might best explain President Donald Trump's demonstrably false assertion that his Inauguration crowd was bigger than President Barack Obama's first one. People lie to cover up bad behavior, as American swimmer Ryan Lochte did during the 2016 Summer Olympics by claiming to have been robbed at gunpoint at a gas station when, in fact, he and his teammates, drunk after a party, had been confronted by armed security guards after damaging property. Even academic science -- a world largely inhabited by people devoted to the pursuit of truth -- has been shown to contain a rogues' gallery of deceivers, such as physicist Jan Hendrik Schon, whose purported breakthroughs in molecular semiconductor research proved to be fraudulent.
有时候，人们会夸大自己的形象，这种动机可能最好地解释了唐纳德·特朗普总统的明确错误断言，即他的就职典礼参与人数大于奥巴马总统的第一次就职典礼。人们用谎言来掩盖不良行为，例如，美国游泳运动员瑞恩·罗切特在2016年夏季奥运期间声称自己曾经在加油站被持枪抢劫，真相是他和队友在一场聚会喝醉后破坏公共财物时遇到武装保安。学术科学领域常被人们比作追求真相之人所住的世界，然而这个领域也已被证明是含有流氓的欺骗者画廊，物理学家简·亨德里克·舍恩在分子半导体研究的所谓突破就被证明纯属伪造。
These liars earned notoriety because of how egregious, brazen, or damaging their falsehoods were. But their deceit doesn't make them as much of an aberration as we might think. The lies that impostors, swindlers, and boasting politicians tell merely sit at the apex of a pyramid of untruths that have characterized human behavior for eons.
这些说谎者之所以臭名昭著，是因为他们是如此恶劣、无耻地毁坏着自己的谎言。但他们的欺骗并没有使他们像我们想象的那样相差甚远。冒名顶替者、诈骗者以及自吹自擂的政治家的谎言，仅仅是在一金字塔的顶端，而这些谎言是人类行为的永恒特征。
Lying, it turns out, is something that most of us are very adept at. We lie with ease, in ways big and small, to strangers, co-workers, friends, and loved ones. Our capacity for dishonesty is as fundamental to us as our need to trust others, which ironically makes us terrible at detecting lies. Being deceitful is woven into our very fabric, so much so that it would be truthful to say that to lie is human.
事实证明，我们大多数人都很擅长说谎。我们以大大小小的方式，对陌生人、同事、朋友和亲人说谎自如。不诚实的能力对我们来说至关重要，因为我们需要相信别人，讽刺的是，这使我们发现谎言非常糟糕。欺骗性已经被编织进了我们生活的框架中，可以说人类就是谎言本身。
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