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Hey there! Welcome to Life Noggin. Let's talk about antibiotics.
大家好，欢迎来到脑洞大开的生命奇想。我们来谈谈抗生素。
Usually, when you get some type of bacterial infection, like strep throat or pneumonia, you go to the doctor, get some antibiotics, and you are all good to go.
通常，当你感染某种细菌时，比如链球菌性咽喉炎或肺炎，你去看医生，吃一些抗生素，你就可以痊愈了。
But this may be changing sometime in the relatively near future. That's because some bacterial infections are becoming resistant to these drugs.
但这种情况在不久的将来可能会改变。这是因为一些细菌感染对这些药物产生了抗药性。
They are called superbugs, but let me tell you, I'd much rather have some superhero insects in place of these. At least that spider dude saves people.
它们被称为超级细菌，但是我告诉你，我宁愿让一些超级英雄昆虫代替它们。至少那个蜘蛛侠能救人。
See, every year, about 2 million people get sick from a superbug and about 23,000 of them die in the U.S. alone. So, yeah, not so super.
每年大约有200万人因超级细菌而患病，大约23000人死亡，这还只是美国的数据。所以，超级细菌一点也不好。
And to make it even worse, any strain of bacteria is able to turn into a superbug. One of the best known examples of these is the Clostridium difficile bacteria, or C. diff for short.
更糟糕的是，任何细菌都能变成超级细菌。其中最著名的例子就是艰难梭菌，简称C. diff。These bacteria live in your intestines. However, the other, "good" bacteria in there as well helps keep you from getting sick.
这些细菌生活在你的肠道里。然而，有种“好”细菌也能帮助你避免生病。
But, if you have been taking antibiotics, the drug may have killed some of the good bacteria, allowing C. diff to take control.
但是，如果你服用了抗生素，这种药物可能会杀死一些有益细菌，让C. diff掌握控制权。
And once this happens, it can cause life-threatening diarrhea and you may even have to get part of your intestines removed. We are not going to show any of that.
一旦这种情况发生，就会导致危及生命的腹泻，甚至可能需要切除你的部分肠子。我们不会展示具体情况。
And that's not even the worst one. A family of bacteria called CRE has been linked to be resistant to almost all known antibiotics.
这还不是最糟糕的。一种名为抗碳青霉烯类肠杆菌属(CRE)的细菌家族对几乎所有已知的抗生素都有耐药性。
In fact, it's so serious that the Center for Disease Control and Prevention is calling this one of the most urgent public health threats we currently have.
疾病控制和预防中心称，这是我们目前面临的最紧迫的公共卫生威胁之一。
But, how does this even happen anyway? What's causing these bacteria to become resistant to different types of antibiotics?
但是，这到底是怎么发生的呢？是什么导致这些细菌对不同类型的抗生素产生耐药性呢？
Well these bacteria aren't getting swol at the gym pumping iron but like any other living creature, they are evolving.
这些细菌并没有在健身房进行重量训练，只是像其他生物一样，不断进化。
And sometimes, mutations in their genomes can cause them to become resistant to certain antibiotics.
有时，他们基因组中的突变会使他们对某些抗生素产生抗药性。
But also, a much more terrifying explanation has to do with plasmids, which are parts of the bacterial DNA.
但是还有一个更可怕的解释，与质粒有关，它是细菌DNA的一部分。
The plasmid enters and multiplies itself within a cell and can then be transferred to others.
质粒进入细胞并在细胞内繁殖，然后可以转移到其他细胞。
So essentially, these plasmids are the vehicles that transfer genes for antibiotic resistance between different bacterial species.
所以本质上，这些质粒可看作一个载体，它在不同菌种间传递具有抗药性的基因。
Or, in plain English, plasmids are part of the reason that, one day, antibiotics may not be able to help your strep throat anymore. Oh no..
或者，说得通俗一点，如果有一天，抗生素无法治疗链球菌咽喉炎，那么质粒就是原因之一。哦，不…
The bad news is that the more antibiotics you've taken, the higher your risk.
坏消息是，你服用的抗生素越多，你的风险就越高。
And also, the more times you are in the hospital, the higher your risk.
而且，你进医院的次数越多，你的风险就越高。
Now, you should absolutely still go to the doctor and take antibiotics if you need to, but the point is that you shouldn't take them unnecessarily.
现在，如果需要的话，你还是应该去看医生，服用抗生素，但重点是没必要的话不要服用。
And also, to be safe, you should always wash your hands thoroughly after using the bathroom or preparing food.
而且，安全起见，上完厕所或准备食物后，要彻底洗手。
It looks like the medical industry is in need for some alternate ways to treat bacterial infections.
医疗行业可能需要一些替代方法来治疗细菌感染。
Because otherwise, they may eventually run out of antibiotics that actually work.
否则，他们最终可能会用光真正有效的抗生素。
I know this might seem scary but maybe it can be a motivator!
我知道这看起来很可怕，但也许这是一个激励因素!
Go humans! You got a blood of surviving to do!
去吧，人类！你还有很长的路要走！
So, what do you think of all this? Or tell us what we should talk about next. Let me know in the comment section below.
那么，你有什么看法吗？或者告诉我们接下来应该讨论什么。请在下面的评论区中告诉我。
As always, I’m Blocko and this has been Life Noggin. Don’t forget to keep on thinking!
我是宝高，这里是脑洞大开的生命奇想。思考不要停！
