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This episode of Scishow is brought to you by Blinkist.
本期科学秀由Blinkist为您呈现。
If you're allergic to cats or dogs, life can be pretty tough.
如果你对猫狗过敏，那可真是太糟糕了。
Sometimes, all you wanna do is snuggle with a puppy, but instead you're sneezing and wheezing. It's no fun.
有时你只是想抱抱小奶猫，但是它们会让你打喷嚏、气喘。毫无乐趣可言。
An allergic reaction comes from your immune system overreacting to things like pet dander,
过敏反应来自于你的免疫系统对宠物毛屑、
the microscopic flakes of dead skin and hair they shed, or their saliva.
死皮屑和它们的脱落毛发或者唾液的过度反应。
But pets can get allergies, too.
但是宠物也可能会过敏。
And while it's rare, dogs and cats can even be allergic to each other, or to us -- more specifically, to human dander.
虽然这种情况很少见，狗狗和猫之间也可能相互过敏，或是对我们过敏——更准确的说，是对人类皮屑过敏。
No matter who's sneezing at whom, the basic science behind allergies in pets is the same as in people.
不论是谁对谁打喷嚏，宠物过敏背后的科学基本知识和人类的是一样的。
Basically, the immune system confuses a harmless allergen, like cat dander, for a dangerous invader and attacks.
根本上讲，免疫系统将无害的过敏源，如猫的毛屑混淆成了危险的入侵和攻击。
It releases antibodies, which are proteins that detect and bind to the allergen,
免疫系统会释放抗体，即蛋白质，探测并捆绑过敏源，
then sends a signal to other immune cells to release inflammatory molecules like histamine.
然后向其他免疫细胞发送信号释放炎性分子，如组胺。
Inflammation irritates the sensitive tissues that line the insides of your nose, respiratory system, eyes, and skin,
炎症刺激鼻子、呼吸系统以及皮肤中的敏感组织，
and that makes you all sneezy and itchy and eye-watery.
并使你打喷嚏、感到瘙痒以及流泪。
Just like us, our pets can be allergic to a variety of things, like pollen, grasses, mold, and food.
就像我们一样，我们的宠物可能会对各种东西过敏，比如花粉、草地、霉菌以及食物。
One study from 2014 looked at about a hundred dogs that were having an allergic reaction to something,
自2014年，有一项针对约100只有过敏反应的狗狗的研究，
and found that about half of them were sensitive to house dust and dust mites, little critters that eat dead skin.
研究发现其中约一半的狗对屋内灰尘、尘螨以及吃死皮的小生物非常敏感。
But that's not because dust is mostly made of human skin.
但这并不是因为灰尘大部分是由人类死皮组成的。
If you've heard that before, it's a common misconception.
如果你听过这种说法，这种说法是常识错误。
House dust is mostly made of dirt that comes in through open doors or windows, or on the bottom of your shoes.
屋内灰尘主要由污垢组成，这些污垢都是从门外、窗外或通过鞋底进到屋内的。
But you do shed some dead skin, and some experts think there are rare instances of pets that are specifically allergic to human dander.
如果你确实脱落了一些死皮，一些专家认为很少有宠物对人类皮屑过敏的明确案例。
When a dog is allergic to something, whether it's you or dust mites,
当狗狗对某东西过敏时，不论是因为你还是尘螨，
they often develop a condition called atopic dermatitis, or itchy, red, swollen skin.
它们通常会出现一种被称为过敏性皮肤炎或皮肤瘙痒红肿的症状。
Cats can also get itchy skin or can lose patches of fur.
猫也会出现皮肤瘙痒或掉毛的情况。
Their allergies are also likely to cause inflammation in their respiratory tracts, which makes them sneeze and cough.
它们的过敏症状也可能会引起呼吸道炎症，导致它们打喷嚏和咳嗽。
It's common enough that feline asthma affects about 1% of the cat population.
有1%的猫患有猫哮喘，这倒是很常见。
Luckily, vets are great at diagnosing and treating allergies, so there's no need to say goodbye to your furry friend.
幸运的是，兽医们很擅长诊断和治疗过敏，因此并没有必要向毛茸茸的伙伴告别。
To test for allergies, vets can do blood tests that measure the amount of antibodies in the blood,
要测试是否过敏，兽医们可以验血估量血液中抗体的数量，
or a skin test, which is more sensitive and has quicker results.
或者做皮肤测试，皮肤会更加敏感还能更快拿到结果。
For a skin test, the vet scrapes or injects a small amount of allergen on or in the skin to see if it causes a reaction.
要做皮肤测试，兽医会刮掉或是在皮肤中注射少量的过敏源，检测其是否会引起反应。
If it does, they can treat the allergy with shots or oral medication.
如果有反应，他们可以通过注射或口服药物治疗过敏。
Just like in humans, these treatments expose animals to small amounts of allergen,
就像人类一样，这些治疗将动物们置于少量过敏源之中，
slowly increasing the concentration over time so their immune systems can build up a tolerance and stop freaking out.
并随之慢慢增加过敏源的浓度，从而使它们的免疫系统建立起耐受性并停止小骚乱。
So if you notice your pet breaking out in a rash or sneezing after you cuddle them,
所以如果你注意到你的宠物突然爆发皮疹或是在你抱过它们之后打喷嚏，
they may be allergic to you… but it's most likely some other allergen, like pollen or dust.
那么它们可能是对你过敏，但是很有可能是由于其他过敏源引起的，如花粉或灰尘。
Because even for our furry friends, allergies can be a little… rough.
因为即使是对毛茸茸的小伙伴而言，过敏可会有些难受。
If you have allergies that prevent you from cuddling up to a cute dog or cat,
如果你因过敏而无法拥抱萌宠，
you might instead distract yourself instead by cuddling up to a good book.
你或许应该用一本好书来分散自己的注意力。
But what if you're short on time, or want to know if a book is really up your alley before you dive in?
但如果没时间看又或者在看书之前，你想知道这本书是否符合你的兴趣该咋办？
Blinkist is a new app that lets you cram the world's bestselling nonfiction books into your brain in 15 minutes.
Blinkist是一款新app，能够在15分钟内将全球畅销的非小说图书塞入你的脑袋里。
It basically gives you a superpower by framing a book's key concepts so that you get the gist of all those books you just don't have time to read.
主要就是通过构建书籍的主要观点框架，让你掌握这本书的主旨。
Blinkist titles, or Blinks, are presented in both audio and text format,
Blinkist titles或是Blinks提供音频和txt文本格式，
so you can listen on your walk to work, or read them on the ride home, using apps for iOS and Android devices, or their website.
你可以在上班的路上听，或者在乘车回家的途中读书，该应用支持iOS和安卓系统，网站可用。
Over 2,200 books are already on Blinkist, and 40 new titles are added each month.
Blinkist中已有2200多本书，每月都会新增40个新主题。
I've been thinking about reading The Immortal Life of Henrietta Lacks, and checking it out on Blinkist first was a great way to vet the story.
我一直都想看《永生的海拉》，首先去Blinkist看看也是个查看这本书是否符合自己兴趣的好办法。
Blinkist is offering an exclusive deal for our viewers,
Blinkist也为阅读者提供独家待遇，
so to support Scishow and receive 20% off a new subscription, click the link in the description.
支持科学秀并获取20%的新订阅优惠服务，点击下方链接。
Anyone can try out Blinkist for free, but we think you'll find the full subscription totally worth it.
任何人都能免费尝试Blinkist，但我们认为完整文本订阅绝对物有所值。
