【新闻精讲】

Levels of NO2 in London and Paris are routinely higher than World Health Organisation (WHO) guidelines about what constitutes a long-term hazard, known as the annual average limit—and that goes, too, for particulate matter.
伦敦和巴黎的二氧化氮含量通常高于世界卫生组织 (WHO) 的参考值，二氧化碳浓度长期高于这一参考值就会对人体造成伤害，这个参考值即年平均浓度限值——这一标准同样适用于细微颗粒物。
Routine
1. 例行公事的, 常规（中文中，正常情况下）
a routine check of passports. 检查护照的惯例
2. 习惯性的；常规的：（中文中，平常，每日）
made his routine trip to the store. 照常去商店
Guideline
指导路线，方针：对政策或路线的陈述或其它指示，用以决定行动的步骤：
guidelines for the completion of tax returns. 指导完成退税的方针
Constitute
1. 构成：构成…部分或成分；组成：= compose
Correct grammar and sentence structure do not in themselves constitute good writing.
正确的语法和句子结构本身并不能构成一篇好文章
2. 设立：根据法律或规定来创建或设立：
a body that is duly constituted under the charter. 根据宪章成立的组织
Constitution 宪法，章程
Hazard 危险
Oil leaking poses a hazard to the drinking water of New Orleans.
Annual 每年的

In London, during daytime, the concentration of NO2 exceeded the WHO’s limit by 41%, on average, over the 12 months examined.
根据这一年的数据记录，伦敦白天的二氧化氮浓度平均要超出世界卫生组织限值的41%.
Concentration
1. 集中，浓度
The area has one of the world's greatest concentrations of wildlife.
该地区有世界上野生生物最集中的区域之一。
2. 注意力集中
Neal kept interrupting, breaking my concentration.
尼尔不断打扰，打断我的注意力。
Exceed 超过
= Surpass, transcend, excel
Its research budget exceeds $700 million a year.

In Paris, where the national index said air quality was “good” or “very good” four days out of five, our analysis found that at least one of the three main pollutants exceeded the WHO’s limit at some point almost every day.
在巴黎，国家空气指数显示，每五天之中有四天的空气质量都是 “良好” 或者 “优质”，但是我们的分析结果表明，全天之内三种污染物无一超标的天数屈指可数。
Analysis
分析 (Webster, separation of a whole into its component parts )
They collect blood samples for analysis at a national lab
at least 至少
例句:He's been away for at least a week.
他走了总有一个星期吧。

A further problem is that setting day-to-day limits is a local matter.
另一个问题是，每日的平均浓度限值是由当地定制的。
Further
1. 更深入地
To have a better comparison, we need to go further and address such issues as repairs and insurance.
为了有一个更好的比较，我们需要更深入一步谈谈诸如维修和保险等问题。
2. 动词，推进（Collins: If you further something, you help it to progress, to be successful, or to be achieved. ）
Education needn't only be about furthering your career.
教育不必只是与推进你的事业有关。
day-to-day 日常的
例句:Christopher will direct day-to-day operations.
克里斯托弗将管理日常的运营。

So, not only do they rarely take long-term risk into account, they also vary from place to place.
所以，这些标准不仅很少考虑长期风险，而且每个地区的标准都不尽相同。
long-term 长期的
例句:Businesses will have to aim at long-term growth.
企业必须以长期增长为目标。
Take into account 考虑（to consider something to be an important factor in some decision.）
= take account of , take into consideration
We will take your long years of service into account when we make our final decision.

In Britain’s index a concentration of NO2 up to five times the WHO’s annual average limit counts as “low”.
根据英国的空气质量指数，二氧化氮浓度高达世界卫生组织年平均浓度限值的5倍时才能算作 “差”。
America is more conservative.
美国相对谨慎些。
It draws the line at two-and-a half times the WHO limit.
他们把该值定在WHO限值的2.5倍。
Conservative
保守派，持政治右倾观点的，右派人士
People tend to be more liberal when they're young and more conservative as they get older.
人们在年轻时常常更开放，年纪越大就越保守。
draws the line
1. 底线
You can make as much noise as you want, but I draw the line at fighting.
2. 界限
It's not clear where this author draws the line between fact and fiction.
Draw
1. 绘画
2. 拉：持续用力使之向或随某人或某物运动；拉：
drew the chair closer to the table; 把椅子拉近桌子
3. 因吸引而来；吸引：=attract
I afraid the casino will draw undesirable elements to the town.
我担心赌场会把不良分子吸引到镇上来
4. 前进：前进或平稳地移动：
a ship drawing near the shore. 船驶近海岸

Worse, in some cases there is no pretense of objectivity.
更糟的情况是，部分地区连客观现实都懒得粉饰了。
The website of Belgium’s BelATMO index, for example, warns that this is “a qualitative representation” of air quality that “has little scientific meaning”.
例如，比利时的BelATMO空气质量指数网站上，就有警告说世界卫生组织的年平均浓度限值仅仅是空气质量的一种 “定性描述”，而且 “科学意义不大”。
Pretense
假装
On the third day of questioning, she dropped the pretense that she was Japanese.
在审问的第3天，她不再假装她是日本人。
Qualitative
品质（relating to the nature or standard of something, rather than to its quantity）
There are qualitative differences in the way children of different ages and adults think.
不同年龄的儿童和成人在思维方式上有着质的差异。
Quantitive
量化
Quantitive Easing 量化宽松
Representation
1. 代表
Puerto Ricans are U.S. citizens but they have no representation in Congress.
波多黎各人是美国公民，但是他们在国会中没有代表。
2. 描绘
a lifelike representation of Christ.
…对基督的生动描绘。

Cities also vary in the way they present pollution data.
每个城市呈现空气污染数据的形式也各不相同。
Most do so on a scale of ten or 100, which is then segmented into four to six bands labelled low, moderate and so on.
大多数城市采用了十分制或百分制，将其划分成四到六个层次，分别代表着低质量、中等质量等等。
Vary
变化（强调多元化，多样化， make diverse: ）
vary one's diet. 使某人的饮食多样化
Segment
分割成部分
the poorer segments of society.
…社会中的较贫困阶层。
Scale
1. 刻度：一种用作测量标准的有固定间隔的符号系统：
a ruler with scales in inches and centimeters.
一把标有英寸和厘米刻度的尺子
2. 比例：用来规定一个标记与其所代表实物之间尺寸关系的比例数量：
a world map with a scale of 1:1,000. 一幅比例为1:1,000的世界地图
3. 规模：相对的水平或程度：
entertained on a lavish scale. 奢侈地游乐一番
4. 调整：参照标准或度数改变；按计算量修正：
scaled down their demands to fit reality; scaled back the scheduled pay increase.
缩减需求以符合实际情况；收回原先预定加薪的决定

Some places draw the line between “low” and “moderate” at the level at which pollution starts to cause immediate health effects, reserving the red band for smog that severely affects most people.
在一些地方，以空气污染程度能否对人体健康造成迅疾危害来区分空气质量“低”和“中等”，等到几乎所有人都受到雾霾严重影响的时候才显示红色警告。
reserve
1. 预留，
I'll reserve a table for five. 我要预订一个5人的餐位。
2. 储备
The Persian Gulf has 65 percent of the world's oil reserves.
波斯湾拥有全世界石油储备的65%。
conserve 节省，保存 = preserve
The factories have closed for the weekend to conserve energy.
这些工厂在那个周末关了厂以节省能源。

Others divide the scale into equal chunks, each representing the same additional daily risk of dying or being admitted to hospital because of pollution.
另外一些地区把空气污染等级均匀划分，每增加一级，空气污染造成的日死亡风险或者住院率相同增长。
Chunk
1. 块
2. a chunk of 大量
Admit
准许入场：作为进入的方式：(AHD, permit to enter)
A ticket that admits the whole group.
团体入场券