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The conjugal family as a social institution
夫妇组建的小家庭作为一个社会单位
was a creation of individual or small clusters of kinsmen
由此使得单独一群或小部分群体的男性亲属
devising their functional social worlds on the basis of multiple relationships
把实际的社交活动按照不同的关系基础划分
Ties of lineage certainly counted
家族关系当然是其一
But it was also vital to consolidate marital connections
但加强婚姻纽带
For one's family but also for the benefits of close relatives
不但对自身家庭，对近亲的利益也很重要
As the golden book illustrates
这正如金皮书所说
And at the center of this interwoven lineage and marriage connections
而位于这互相交织的家族和婚姻纽带中心
actually the knot that tied the network together was the marital household
真正把这关系网连结在一起的是一对夫妇组织的家庭
The individual cazza that centered around the union of a woman and a man
是一个单独的宗族，并以男女的结合为中心
I'll devote the rest of this talk to exploring exactly who it was
接下来的部分我将继续探究究竟
who made the Venetian domestic cazza
是哪一方塑造了威尼斯人的家庭
The household came into being with one precise event a carefully planned wedding
这个家庭始于一个明确的事件，即精心筹备的婚礼
And ended with another equally carefully contemplated by people writing their wills
止于另一事件，以同样也是仔细思考过的遗嘱为标志的
The story of a domestic cazza is really the narrative of a marriage and its epilog
关于这些小家庭的故事，确实是一部关于婚姻及其收场的叙事文
So I'll concentrate on what happened
所以我将集中关注
when a woman and a man from two patrician families created a new conjugal family
来自两个贵族家族的男女怎样组织小家庭
And began the narrative of their marriage
开始他们的婚姻故事
And the new family that they made together
以及开始一个两人组合而成的新家庭
Unlike those male identified cazzate and the lineages into which they were divided
不同于以男性为权威的宗族和细分而成的家族
marriages were quintessentially bilinear
婚姻是典型的双系别
uniting most often spouses from two different cazzate and two lineages in one new cazza
很多情况下联结着来自不同宗族，不同家族的男女组成的新家庭
That kept alive the memory of both uniting families also unlike those patrilineal structures
这其中存有两个家庭的回忆也不像父系结构
The marriages of Venetian nobles were not only bilinear but doubly gendered
威尼斯贵族的婚姻不仅是双系别的，也是双重性别的
Not just in the obvious sense of uniting a woman and a man
其意义不仅在于男女的结合
But in the role complicating interaction of women and men at every stage in the process
而是男女之间复杂的关系在整个过程中的每个阶段的作用
Starting with the beginning the negotiating of the contract not surprisingly in this society
从最初筹办婚事开始，这个社会的共识是
Men were expected to orchestrate the family's marriage making
男人应担负起筹办婚事的角色
And sure enough the majority of contracts were negotiated by men
结果当然是大部分的婚事由男人商定
In a group of 101, 15th century contracts
15世纪一组共101个婚约中
The bride was represented by her father brother or other male relatives just under 80 percent of the time
女方派出父亲或兄弟或其他男性亲属80%的情况下是这样的
Grooms were usually 10 to 15 years older as we've seen
新郎通常都比新娘大10到15岁，这是我们之前提到的
So they tended to represent themselves
这样双方更易于表达自己
They did so more than three quarters of the time
大概3/4的情况下如此
But the active participation of women gives nuance to that male preponderance
但女人也积极参与进来，渗透到男人的垄断地位中
In 42 of those 101 contracts women were among the contracting parties
这101宗婚约中有42宗都有女人参与进来
Sometimes it was the brides themselves
有时是新娘自己
But more often their mothers
但比较多的是她的母亲
And occasionally the mothers of the bridegrooms
偶尔是新郎的母亲
